Nmr methods for monitoring blood clot formation

ABSTRACT

The invention features a method of monitoring a clotting process by measuring a signal characteristic of the NMR relaxation of water in a sample undergoing clotting to produce NMR relaxation data and determining from the NMR relaxation data a magnetic resonance parameter of water in the sample characteristic of the clots being formed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.61/507,307, filed Jul. 13, 2011; U.S. Provisional Application No.61/537,396, filed Sep. 21, 2011; U.S. Provisional Application No.61/538,257, filed Sep. 23, 2011; U.S. Provisional Application No.61/560,920, filed Nov. 17, 2011; U.S. Provisional Application No.61/596,445, filed Feb. 8, 2012; and U.S. Provisional Application No.61/625,945, filed Apr. 18, 2012, all of which are hereby incorporated byreference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The invention features methods for monitoring rheological changes in anaqueous sample.

Blood is the circulating tissue of an organism that carries oxygen andnutritive materials to the tissues and removes carbon dioxide andvarious metabolic products for excretion. Whole blood consists of a paleyellow or gray yellow fluid, plasma, in which are suspended red bloodcells, white blood cells, and platelets.

An accurate measurement of hemostasis, i.e., the ability of a patient'sblood to coagulate and dissolve, in a timely and effective fashion iscrucial to certain surgical and medical procedures. Accelerated (rapid)and accurate detection of abnormal hemostasis is also of particularimportance in respect of appropriate treatment to be given to patientssuffering from hemostasis disorders and to whom it may be necessary toadminister anti-coagulants, antifibrinolytic agents, thrombolyticagents, anti-platelet agents, or blood components in a quantity whichmust clearly be determined after taking into account the abnormalcomponents, cells or “factors” of the patient's blood which may becontributing to the hemostasis disorder.

Hemostasis is a dynamic, extremely complex process involving manyinteracting factors, which include coagulation and fibrinolyticproteins, activators, inhibitors and cellular elements, such as plateletcytoskeleton, platelet cytoplasmic granules and platelet cell surfaces.As a result, during activation, no factor remains static or works inisolation. Thus, to be complete, it is necessary to measure continuouslyall phases of patient hemostasis as a net product of whole bloodcomponents in a non-isolated, or static fashion. To give an example ofthe consequences of the measuring of an isolated part of hemostasis,assume that a patient developed fibrinolysis, which is caused by theactivation of plasminogen into plasmin, an enzyme that breaks down theclot. In this scenario, a byproduct of this process of fibrinogendegrading product behaves as an anticoagulant. If the patient is testedonly for anticoagulation and is treated accordingly, this patient mayremain at risk due to not being treated with antifibrinolytic agents.

The end result of the hemostasis process is a three-dimensional networkof polymerized fibrinogen fibers (i.e., fibrin), which together withplatelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIc (GPIIb/IIIa) receptor bonding forms thefinal clot. A unique property of this network structure is that itbehaves as a rigid elastic solid, capable of resisting deforming shearstress of the circulating blood. The strength of the final clot toresist deforming shear stress is determined, in part, by the forcesexerted by the participating platelets.

Platelets have been shown to affect the mechanical strength of fibrin inat least two ways. First, by acting as node branching points, theysignificantly enhance fibrin structure rigidity. Secondly, by exerting a“tugging” force on fibers, by the contractility of platelet actomyosin,a muscle protein that is a part of a cytoskeleton-mediatedcontractibility apparatus. The force of this contractility furtherenhances the strength of the fibrin structure. The platelet receptorGPIIb/IIIa appears crucial in anchoring polymerizing fibers to theunderlying cytoskeleton contractile apparatus in activated platelets,thereby mediating the transfer of mechanical force.

Thus, the clot that develops and adheres to the damaged vascular systemas a result of activated hemostasis and resists the deforming shearstress of the circulating blood is, in essence a mechanical device,formed to provide a “temporary stopper,” that resists the shear force ofcirculating blood during vascular recovery. The kinetics, strength, andstability of the clot, that is its physical property to resist thedeforming shear force of the circulating blood, determine its capacityto do the work of hemostasis, which is to stop hemorrhage withoutpermitting inappropriate thrombosis.

Platelets play a critical role in mediating ischemic complications inprothrombotic (thrombophilic) patients. The use of GPIIb/IIIa inhibitoragents in thrombophilic patients or as an adjunct to percutaneouscoronary angioplasty (PTCA) is rapidly becoming the standard of careInhibition of the GPIIb/IIIa receptor is an extremely potent form ofantiplatelet therapy that can result in reduction of risk of death andmyocardial infarction, but can also result in a dramatic risk ofhemorrhage. The reason for the potential of bleeding or non-attainmentof adequate therapeutic level of platelet inhibition is theweight-adjusted platelet blocker treatment algorithm that is used inspite of the fact that there is considerable person-to-personvariability. This is an issue in part due to differences in plateletcount and variability in the number of GPIIb/IIIa receptors per plateletand their ligand binding functions. To be clinically useful, an assay ofplatelet inhibition must provide rapid and reliable informationregarding receptor blockade at the bedside thereby permitting dosemodification to achieve the desired anti-platelet effect.

There is a need for a method and apparatus for rapid, reliable,quantitative, point-of-care test for monitoring therapeutic plateletblockade, and for measuring the efficacy of anti-platelet agents,continuously and over the entire hemostasis process from initial clotformation through lysis.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention features a method of monitoring a rheological change in anaqueous sample by: (i) measuring a signal characteristic of the NMRrelaxation rate of water in the sample to produce NMR relaxation data;(ii) determining from the NMR relaxation data a magnetic resonanceparameter value or set of values being characteristic of the rheologicalchange in the sample; and (iii) comparing the result of step (ii) to apredetermined threshold value.

In a related aspect, the invention features a method of monitoring arheological change in an aqueous sample including: (i) making a seriesof magnetic resonance relaxation rate measurements of water in thesample; (ii) transforming the measurements using an algorithm thatdistinguishes two or more observable water populations within thesample, wherein each observable water population has a distinctrelaxation rate and a distinct signal intensity at one or more timepoints during the rheological change; and (iii) on the basis of therelaxation rate or signal intensity for at least one of the two or moreobservable water populations, monitoring the rheological change in thesample.

The invention further features a method of monitoring a rheologicalchange in an aqueous sample including: (i) making a series ofmeasurements of water in the sample, wherein the measurementsdistinguish two or more observable water populations within the sample,and each observable water population has a distinct signal and/or signalintensity at one or more time points during the rheological change; and(ii) on the basis of the signal and/or signal intensity observed for atleast one of the two or more observable water populations, monitoringthe rheological change in the sample. The measurements can be nuclearmagnetic resonance measurements, electron paramagnetic resonance,microwave spectroscopy measurements, or any other technique known in theart for measuring a property of water. In particular embodiments, thewater in the aqueous sample is radiolabeled (e.g., labeled withdeuterium or tritium).

In one aspect, the invention features a method of monitoring a clottingor dissolution process in a first blood sample including: (i) making aseries of magnetic resonance relaxation rate measurements of water inthe first blood sample; (ii) transforming the measurements using analgorithm that distinguishes two or more separate water populationswithin the first blood sample, wherein each separate water population ischaracterized by one or more magnetic resonance parameters having one ormore values; and (iii) on the basis of the results of step (ii),monitoring the process. The blood sample can be a plasma sample, aplatelet poor plasma sample, a platelet rich plasma sample, a bloodsample including isolated and washed platelets, a whole blood sample, aclotted blood sample, or any other type of blood sample describedherein. In certain embodiments of the method, prior to step (i), to thefirst blood sample is added fibrinogen (e.g., 1±0.25, 2±0.5, 3±0.75,4±1, 6±2, or 8±2 mg/mL). In particular embodiments of the method, priorto step (i), to the first blood sample is added a clotting initiator ora clotting inhibitor. The clotting initiator/inhibitor can be selectedfrom RF (reptilase and factor XIII), AA (arachidonic acid), ADP(adenosine diphosphate), CK (kaolin clay), TRAP (thrombin receptoractivating peptide), thrombin, platelet aggregation inhibitors, or anyclotting initiator or clotting inhibitor described herein. In stillother embodiments of the method, prior to step (i), to the first bloodsample is added tissue plasminogen activator (TPA). The method canfurther include the steps of: (iv) making a series of second relaxationrate measurements of water in a second blood sample from the subject;(v) transforming the second relaxation rate measurements using analgorithm that distinguishes two or more separate water populationswithin the second blood sample, wherein each separate water populationis characterized by one or more magnetic resonance parameters, whereineach magnetic resonance parameter has one or more values; and (vi) onthe basis of the results of step (ii) and step (v), monitoring theprocess. For example, the first blood sample can be a plasma sample andthe second blood sample can be a whole blood sample; the first bloodsample can be a platelet rich plasma sample and the second blood samplecan be a whole blood sample; the first blood sample can be a plateletpoor plasma sample and the second blood sample can be a whole bloodsample; the first blood sample can include isolated and washed plateletsand the second blood sample can be a whole blood sample, or any otherset of comparative samples described herein. In particular embodiments,prior to step (i), to the first blood sample is added plateletinhibitor, and no platelet inhibitor is added to the second bloodsample; prior to step (i), to the first blood sample is added plateletactivator, and no platelet activator is added to the second bloodsample; or prior to step (i), to the first blood sample is added aclotting initiator selected from RF, AA, and CK; and prior to step (iv),to the second blood sample is added a clotting initiator selected fromADP and thrombin. In certain embodiments of the method, prior to step(i), to the first blood sample is added fibrinogen (e.g., 1±0.25, 2±0.5,3±0.75, 4±1, 6±2, or 8±2 mg/mL); and prior to step (iv), to the secondblood sample is added fibrinogen (e.g., 1±0.25, 2±0.5, 3±0.75, 4±1, 6±2,or 8±2 mg/mL).

In the above method, the magnetic resonance parameter value can becharacteristic of functional fibrinogen-associated water molecules inthe blood sample. In particular embodiments, at least one of the two ormore separate water populations is positively correlated with plateletactivation, platelet inhibition, clotting time, platelet-associated clotstrength, hematocrit, or fibrinogen-associated clot strength. In stillother embodiments, the magnetic resonance parameter values indicate alow platelet activity, a high platelet activity, a high functionalfibrinogen activity, or a low functional fibrinogen activity.

In any of the above methods, the algorithm can include an algorithmselected from the group consisting of a multi-exponential algorithm, abi-exponential algorithm, a tri-exponential algorithm, a decayingexponential algorithm, a Laplace transform, a goodness-of-fit algorithm,an SSE algorithm, a least squares algorithm, a non-negative leastsquares algorithm, or any algorithm described herein. In particularembodiments, the algorithm is an inverse Laplace transform.

In any of the above methods, the relaxation rate can be selected fromthe group consisting of T1, T2, T1/T2 hybrid, T_(1rho), T_(2rho), andT₂*. In one particular embodiment, the relaxation rate measurementsinclude a T2 measurement, and the measurement provides a decay curve.

In another particular embodiment, the two or more water populationsinclude a water population having a serum-associated T2 signal and waterpopulation having a clot-associated T2 signal. The method can include(i) calculating the T2 value for serum associated water prior toinitiating clot formation in a blood sample including red blood cells,and on the basis of the T2 value, determining the hematocrit of theblood sample. The method can also include (a) calculating the differencebetween the serum-associated T2 signal and the clot-associated T2 signalfor a blood sample undergoing a clotting process; and (b) on the basisof the difference, determining the strength of the clot formed in theblood sample. The method may include (a) calculating the differencebetween the serum-associated T2 signal and the clot-associated T2 signalfor a blood sample including platelets and undergoing a clottingprocess; and (b) on the basis of the difference, determining theactivity of the platelets in the blood sample. In one embodiment themethod further includes (a) following initiation of a clotting processin a blood sample, measuring the period of time prior to the initialdetection of the clot-associated T2 signal; and (b) on the basis of theperiod of time, determining the clotting time for the blood sample. Inother embodiments the method further includes (a) following initiationof a clotting process in a blood sample, calculating a T2 time curve forthe serum-associated T2 signal; (b) calculating the maximum value of thesecond derivative of the T2 time curve; and (c) on the basis of theresult of step (b), calculating a value characteristic of clotting time.In still other embodiments the method includes, following initiation ofa clotting process in a blood sample, on the basis of theserum-associated T2 signal and the clot-associated T2 signal,determining whether the blood sample is hypercoagulable, hypocoagulable,or normal.

In one embodiment of any of the above methods, the method furtherincludes calculating from the decay curve a T2 relaxation spectrum at apredetermined time point following initiation of the clotting ordissolution process. The method can further include, followinginitiation of a clotting or dissolution process in a blood sample, (a)making a plurality of relaxation rate measurements on the blood sampleduring the process to produce a plurality of decay curves, and (b)calculating from the plurality of decay curves a plurality of T2relaxation spectra. Optionally, the method further includes calculatingfrom the plurality of T2 relaxation spectra a 3 dimensional data setdepicting (a) the change in T2 relaxation times and (b) the change in T2signal intensity for two or more water populations in the blood sampleas a function of time following initiation of a clotting or dissolutionprocess in the blood sample.

In particular embodiments, the method further includes (i) partitioningthe 3 dimensional data set into stable data and transitional data and(ii) on the basis of the stable data and the transitional data,determining whether the blood sample is hypercoagulable, hypocoagulable,or normal, or determining whether the blood sample exhibits a lowplatelet activity, a high platelet activity, a high functionalfibrinogen activity, or a low functional fibrinogen activity. In certainembodiments, the method further includes (i) calculating from a 3dimensional data set the relative volume of signal observed for each oftwo or more water populations in the blood sample over a predeterminedtime period during the process, and (ii) on the basis of the relativevolume of signal, determining whether the blood sample ishypercoagulable, hypocoagulable, or normal, or determining whether theblood sample exhibits a low platelet activity, a high platelet activity,a high functional fibrinogen activity, or a low functional fibrinogenactivity.

In another particular embodiment of any of the above methods, thealgorithm is an inverse Laplace transform that includes a lower boundfor the T2 time constants of from 1 to 50 ms (e.g., 1 to 10, 1 to 20, 1to 30, 5 to 50, 5 to 30, or 10 to 50 ms) and an upper bound for the T2time constants of from 1000 to 4000 ms (e.g., 1000 to 2000, 2500 to4000, 1000 to 3000, 1500 to 4000, 2000 to 4000, or 2000 to 4000 ms). Forexample, the blood sample can be plasma, platelet poor plasma, orplatelet rich plasma and the upper bound for the T2 time constants isfrom 2500 to 4000 ms (e.g., 2500 to 3500, 2500 to 3000, 3000 to 4000, or3500 to 4000 ms). In other embodiments, the blood sample is a wholeblood sample, a sample that includes red blood cells, or a sample thatincludes magnetic particles and the upper bound for the T2 timeconstants is from 1000 to 2000 ms (e.g., 1500 to 2000, 1000 to 1500, or1000 to 1200 ms). In still another particular embodiment of any of theabove methods, the algorithm is an inverse Laplace transform thatincludes a regularization parameter (a) in the range of from about1.0e-10 to about 4.0e0.

The invention further features a method for assessing the hemostaticcondition of a subject, the method including: (i) providing a blooddrawn from the subject to produce a blood sample; (ii) making a seriesof magnetic resonance relaxation rate measurements of water in the bloodsample; (iii) transforming the measurements using an algorithm thatdistinguishes two or more separate water populations within the bloodsample to produce one or more magnetic resonance parameter valuesaccording to the methods of the invention; and (iv) on the basis of theresults of step (iii), determining whether the subject is normal, has ahemorrhagic condition, or a has a prothrombotic condition.

In a related aspect, the invention features a method of assessingplatelet activity including: (i) providing isolated and washedplatelets; (ii) combining the isolated and washed platelets withplatelet poor plasma including a predetermined minimum level offibrinogen to form a test sample; (iii) initiating a clotting process byadding a clotting initiator to the test sample; (iv) making a series ofmagnetic resonance relaxation rate measurements of water in the testsample; (v) transforming the measurements using an algorithm thatdistinguishes two or more separate water populations within the testsample, wherein each separate water population is characterized by oneor more magnetic resonance parameters having one or more values; and(vi) on the basis of the results of step (v), assessing the plateletactivity. In particular embodiments the clotting initiator is acombination of RF and AA. In still other embodiments, the method furtherincludes (a) measuring the test sample in the presence of a plateletactivator and in the absence of a platelet activator.

The invention further features a method of assessing platelet activityin a whole blood sample including: (i) providing a whole blood sample;(ii) combining the isolated and washed platelets with platelet poorplasma including a predetermined minimum level of fibrinogen to form atest sample; (iii) initiating a clotting process by adding a clottinginitiator to the test sample; (iv) making a series of magnetic resonancerelaxation rate measurements of water in the test sample; (v)transforming the measurements using an algorithm that distinguishes twoor more separate water populations within the test sample, wherein eachseparate water population is characterized by one or more magneticresonance parameters having one or more values; and (vi) on the basis ofthe results of step (v), assessing the platelet activity. In particularembodiments the clotting initiator is a combination of RF and AA. Instill other embodiments, the method further includes (a) measuring thetest sample in the presence of a platelet activator and in the absenceof a platelet activator.

In another aspect, the invention features a method of monitoring aclotting process or dissolution process by measuring a signalcharacteristic of the NMR relaxation rate of water in a sampleundergoing clotting of dissolution to produce NMR relaxation data anddetermining from the NMR relaxation data a magnetic resonance parametervalue or set of values characteristic of the clotting or dissolutionprocess in the sample.

In a related aspect, the invention features a method of monitoring aclotting process or dissolution process by measuring a signalcharacteristic of the NMR relaxation of water in a blood sample havingone or more populations of water to produce NMR relaxation data, anddetermining from the NMR relaxation data a magnetic resonance parametervalue or set of values correlated to at least one population of water inthe blood sample, where the magnetic resonance parameter value or set ofvalues is characteristic of the clotting or dissolution process. Theblood sample can include at least two populations of water or at leastthree populations of water. In particular embodiments, the magneticresonance parameter values are characteristic of platelet-associatedwater molecules in the blood sample. In still other embodiments, themagnetic resonance parameter values are characteristic of functionalfibrinogen-associated water molecules in the blood sample. In particularembodiments of the claimed methods, the method includes measuring therelative concentration of platelet-associated functional fibrinogen.

In certain embodiments, the method includes assessing the hemostaticcondition of a subject based upon the clotting behavior of a singleblood sample drawn from the subject (e.g., for coagulation management ofa patients undergoing surgery, to identify a patient at risk ofthrombotic complications, to identify a patient resistant toantiplatelet therapy, to monitor anticoagulation therapy in a patient,to monitor antiplatelet therapy in a patient, and/or to monitorprocoagulant therapy in a patient).

In still other embodiments of the invention, the method includesassessing the hemostatic condition of a subject within 3 minutes, 5minutes, 6 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 45minutes, or 60 minutes of collecting the initial NMR relaxation ratesignal from the sample.

In a related aspect, the invention features a method of monitoring ablood clotting process or dissolution process by: (i) making a series ofrelaxation rate measurements of the water in a blood sample; (ii)transforming the measurements using an algorithm that distinguishes twoor more separate water populations within the blood sample, where eachseparate water population is characterized by one or more magneticresonance parameters having one or more values; and (iii) on the basisof the results of step (ii), monitoring the blood clotting process inthe blood sample.

The invention features a method of monitoring platelet activityincluding: (i) making a series of relaxation rate measurements of thewater in a blood sample; (ii) transforming the measurements using analgorithm that distinguishes two or more separate water populationswithin the blood sample, wherein each separate water population ischaracterized by one or more magnetic resonance parameters having one ormore values; and (iii) on the basis of the results of step (ii),monitoring the platelet activity in the blood sample.

The invention further features a method of monitoring plateletinhibition including: (i) making a series of relaxation ratemeasurements of the water in a blood sample; (ii) transforming themeasurements using an algorithm that distinguishes two or more separatewater populations within the blood sample, wherein each separate waterpopulation is characterized by one or more magnetic resonance parametershaving one or more values; and (iii) on the basis of the results of step(ii), monitoring the platelet inhibition in the blood sample. Inparticular embodiments, the method further includes: (iv) making aseries of relaxation rate measurements of the water in a second bloodsample in the presence of a platelet inhibitor; (v) transforming themeasurements using an algorithm that distinguishes two or more separatewater populations within the second blood sample, wherein each separatewater population is characterized by one or more magnetic resonanceparameters having one or more values; and (vi) on the basis of theresults of steps (ii) and (v), monitoring the platelet inhibition in theblood sample.

The invention also features a method of assessing the hemostaticcondition of a subject by: (i) making a series of relaxation ratemeasurements of the water in a blood sample from the subject; (ii)transforming the measurements using an algorithm that distinguishes twoor more separate water populations within the blood sample, where eachseparate water population is characterized by one or more magneticresonance parameters having one or more values; and (iii) on the basisof the results of step (ii), assessing the hemostatic condition of thesubject.

The algorithm can be, without limitation, selected from amulti-exponential algorithm, a bi-exponential algorithm, atri-exponential algorithm, a decaying exponential algorithm, a Laplacetransform, a goodness-of-fit algorithm, an SSE algorithm, aleast-squares algorithm, a non-negative least-squares algorithm, and anyother algorithm described herein. In particular embodiments, thealgorithm is an inverse Laplace transform or the algorithm is given byequations (1) (i.e., for a biexponential fit) or (2) (i.e., for atriexponential fit).

I=Amp_(A)exp^((−t/T2A))+Amp_(A)exp^((−t/T2B)) +O  (1)

I=Amp_(A)exp^((−t/T2A))+Amp_(B)exp^((−t/T2B))+Amp_(c)exp^((−t/T2c))+O  (2)

In equations (1) and (2), I is the intensity of a measured value T2; tis time; Amp_(A) is an extracted coefficient that indicates the degreeto which the exponential term exp^((−t/T2A)) contributes to a measuredT2 intensity; Amp_(B) is an extracted coefficient that indicates thedegree to which the exponential term exp^((−t/T2B)) contributes to ameasured T2 intensity; Amp_(C) is an extracted coefficient thatindicates the degree to which the exponential term exp^((−t/T2C))contributes to a measured T2 intensity; T2A is an extracted relaxationtime that indicates the contribution of a water population A to ameasured T2 intensity; T2B is an extracted relaxation time thatindicates the contribution of a water population B to a measured T2intensity; T2C is an extracted relaxation time that indicates thecontribution of a water population C to a measured T2 intensity; and Ois an offset constant. In any of the above methods, the relaxation ratemeasurements can include a T2 measurement. The magnetic resonanceparameter values can include a T2 parameter value and/or an amplitudeparameter value.

For a sample undergoing a rheological transition, populations of watercan vary, depending on the components and or complexity of the sample.In a heterogeneous sample, for example whole blood, there are differentpopulations of water, e.g. plasma water, compartmentalized water, i.e.cellular (erythrocyte, leukocyte, and thrombocyte) water, and waterassociated with functional features of whole blood processes such ascoagulation, e.g. serum, or clot dissolution. The methods of theinvention allow one to monitor changes in the various water populationsin a sample, regardless of location, compartment, or the changesoccurring within the sample. The methods can be used to examine changesin rheology, or to calculate one or more analytical values (aPPT,PT-INR, hematocrit, platelet activity) for a given sample.

In any of the above methods, the water in the sample can include a firstwater population and a second water population, and an NMR parameterassociated with a given water population can be correlated with arheological change. For example, NMR parameter values of the secondwater population could be positively correlated with plateletactivation. Similarly, T2 parameter values for the first waterpopulation could be correlated with the coagulation time.

In any of the above methods, the magnetic resonance parameter values caninclude a T2 value for the first water population that is between 250and 500 milliseconds.

In any of the above methods, the magnetic resonance parameters valuescan include a T2 value for the second water population that is between100 and 300 milliseconds.

In any of the above methods, the sample can further include a thirdwater population having a T2 value of between 1 and 10 milliseconds.

In any of the above methods, the signal arises from monitoring protonsin water or monitoring hydrogen atoms in water. Alternatively, in any ofthe above methods, the signal arises from monitoring protons in water ormonitoring oxygen atoms in water.

In some embodiments of the invention, a blood sample contains a fourthwater population and a fifth water population, where the fourth waterpopulation is associated with a retracted blood clot, and the fifthwater population is associated with the serum surrounding the retractedclot. The presence of the fourth and/or fifth water population does noteither imply the presence or require the presence of the first, second,or third water populations, as defined herein.

In any of the above methods, the method can further include, on thebasis of the magnetic resonance parameter value or set of values,assessing whether the sample is hypercoagulable, hypocoagulable, ornormal.

In any of the above methods, the magnetic resonance parameter can becharacteristic of a hemostatic condition in a subject (e.g., ahemorrhagic condition or a prothrombotic condition). For example, themagnetic resonance parameter can be indicative of low platelet activity;indicative of high platelet activity; indicative of a high functionalfibrinogen activity; or indicative of a low functional fibrinogenactivity.

In particular embodiments of the invention, a paramagnetic agent (e.g.,manganese, manganese complexes, gadolinium, gadolinium complexes, ormagnetic particles) is added to the blood sample prior to measuring thesignal characteristic of the NMR relaxation parameters. In a preferredembodiment is a superparamagnetic particle. The paramagnetic agent canbe a superparamagnetic particle having an average diameter of between 3and 40 nanometers, between 30 and 70 nanometers, between 70 and 100nanometers, between 100 and 500 nanometers, or between 500 and 1000nanometers. In particular embodiments, the method of the invention isperformed on a blood sample from a single patient both in the presenceand absence of the paramagnetic agent.

In another embodiment of the methods of the invention, the sample beinganalyzed has a volume between 2 μL and 400 μL (e.g., from 2 μL to 10 μL,10 μL to 20 μL, 15 μL to 50 μL, 50 μL to 100 μL, 100 μL to 250 μL, orfrom 200 μL to 500 μL). In still other embodiments, the sample beinganalyzed has a volume between 400 μL and 4000 μL.

In any of the above methods, the NMR relaxation data is selected fromT1, T2, T1/T2 hybrid, T_(1rho), T_(2rho) and T₂* data. Additionally,apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) can be determined and evaluated(see Vidmar et al. NMR in BioMedicine, 2009; and Vidmar et al., Eur JBiophys J. 2008). Additionally, the methods of the invention can utilizepulsed field gradients (i.e., with measurement of echo attenuation as afunction if the square of gradient strength), Hahn echo sequence, spinecho sequence, and/or FID signal ratios.

The invention features a magnetic resonance device for monitoring ablood clotting process, wherein the device includes a microprocessorwith an algorithm that distinguishes two or more separate waterpopulations within the blood sample, wherein each separate waterpopulation is characterized by a magnetic resonance parameter value orset of values. The algorithm can be, without limitation, selected from amulti-exponential algorithm, a bi-exponential algorithm, atri-exponential algorithm, a decaying exponential algorithm, a Laplacetransform, a goodness-of-fit algorithm, an SSE algorithm, aleast-squares algorithm, a non-negative least-squares algorithm, and anyother algorithm described herein.

In a related aspect the invention features a method for monitoring thedissolution of a blood clot including: (i) providing a clotted bloodsample; (ii) combining the clotted blood sample with tissue plasminogenfactor (TPA); (iii) making a series of relaxation rate measurements ofthe water in the clotted blood sample; (iv) transforming themeasurements using an algorithm that distinguishes two or more separatewater populations within the blood sample, wherein each separate waterpopulation is characterized by one or more magnetic resonance parametershaving one or more values; and (v) on the basis of the results of step(iv), monitoring the dissolution of the clotted blood.

In certain embodiments, the hemostatic condition of a subject isassessed on the basis of a blood clotting behavior of a blood sampledrawn from the subject. Examples of clotting behavior include clottingtime (R), clot strength (MA), platelet-associated clot strength(MA_(PLATELET)), functional fibrinogen-associated clot strength(MA_(FF)), and percent lysis 30 minutes after MA (LY30). Examples ofhemostatic conditions include prothrombotic, hemorrhagic, and normalconditions. A clotting behavior or hemostatic condition may beestablished within a certain timeframe after collection of the initialNMR relaxation data (e.g., within 10, 6, or 3 minutes). Moreover, inestablishing the clotting behavior, one more additives (e.g., fibrinogenor TPA) may be added to the sample.

In other embodiments, a blood clotting process of the blood drawn from asubject is monitored by: (i) making a series of first relaxation ratemeasurements of the water in a first blood sample (e.g., a sampletreated with an additive) from the subject; (ii) transforming the firstrelaxation rate measurements using an algorithm that distinguishes twoor more separate water populations within the first blood sample; (iii)making a series of second relaxation rate measurements of the water in asecond blood sample (e.g., an untreated sample) from the subject; (iv)transforming the second relaxation rate measurements using an algorithmthat distinguishes two or more separate water populations within thesecond blood sample, where each separate water population ischaracterized by one or more magnetic resonance parameters, where eachmagnetic resonance parameter has one or more values; and (v) on thebasis of the results of step (iv), monitoring the clotting process ofthe blood from the subject. One of the samples (e.g., the first sample)may contain an additive such as fibrinogen or tissue plasminogenactivator. In some embodiments, the hemostatic condition of the subjectis assessed or diagnosed based on the results of the monitoring process(e.g., the hemostatic condition is assessed within 10, 6, or 3 minutes).

In other embodiments, the invention features methods of diagnosing ahemostatic condition in a subject by: (i) providing a blood sample ofthe subject; (ii) measuring a signal characteristic of the NMRrelaxation rate of water in the blood sample to produce one or morevalues of a magnetic resonance parameter; and (iii) diagnosing thesubject on the basis of the results of step (ii). The diagnosis may bebased on the comparison of the magnetic resonance parameter value (orvalues) to a predetermined threshold value (or values). Thepredetermined threshold values may represent a certain hemostaticcondition (e.g., normal, prothrombotic, or hemorrhagic). The hemostaticcondition may be assessed within a certain time of collecting theinitial NMR relaxation rate signal (e.g., within 10, 6, or 3 minutes).

In certain embodiments, clotting behaviors are assessed usingwell-defined data extraction methods. The clotting time (R) of a samplecan be assessed from a set of collected NMR relaxation rate data by: (i)calculating a T2 time curve for a first water population; (ii)calculating the maximum value of the second derivative of the T2 timecurve; and (iii) on the basis of the result of step (ii), calculating avalue characteristic of clotting time (R). The platelet-associated clotstrength (MA_(PLATELET)) of a sample can be assessed by: (i) calculatinga T2 time curve for a first water population; (ii) calculating the slopeof a line that connects the initial value of T2 on the T2 curve and theminimum value of T2 on the T2 curve; and (iii) on the basis of theresult of step (ii), calculating a value characteristic of theplatelet-associated clot strength (MA_(PLATELET)) of the sample. Thefunctional fibrinogen-associated clot strength (MA_(FF)) of a sample canbe assessed by: (i) calculating a first amplitude time curve for a firstwater population in a first sample that has been treated withfibrinogen; (ii) calculating a second amplitude time curve for a firstwater population in a second, untreated, sample; (iii) calculating thedifference between the first amplitude time curve and the secondamplitude time curve; and (iv) on the basis of the result of step (iii),calculating a value characteristic of the functionalfibrinogen-associated clot strength (MA_(FF)) of the sample. The percentlysis 30 minutes after MA (LY30) of a sample can be assessed by: (i)calculating a first T2 time curve for a second water population in afirst sample that has been treated with TPA; (ii) calculating a secondT2 time curve for a second water population in a second, untreated,sample; (iii) calculating the difference between the first T2 time curveand the second T2 time curve; and (iv) on the basis of the result ofstep (iii), calculating a value characteristic of the percent lysis 30minutes after MA (LY30) of the sample.

In other embodiments, a T2 signature curve is used to assess or diagnosethe hemostatic condition of a subject by: (i) measuring a signalcharacteristic of the NMR relaxation of water in a blood sample drawnfrom the subject to produce NMR relaxation data; and (ii) determiningfrom the NMR relaxation data a T2 signature that is characteristic ofthe hemostatic condition of the subject. The T2 signature can becompared with a standard or set of standard curves to establish thehemostatic condition of the subject.

In other embodiments, the invention features a method of monitoring awater-containing material, by: (i) providing a water-containing materialthat capable of transitioning from a liquid fluid state to a gel state;(ii) measuring a series of signals characteristic of the NMR relaxationof water in the material to produce NMR relaxation data; and (iii)determining from the NMR relaxation data a time curve that ischaracteristic of the water-containing material. In some embodiment, thetime curve is a relaxation curve other than a T2 relaxation curve, suchas a T1 time curve, a T2 time curve, or a hybrid T1/T2 time curve. Inrelated embodiment, the water-containing material is whole blood, apolyacrylamide hydrogel, a polyvinylpyrrolidone hydrogel, a polyethyleneglycol hydrogel, a polyvinylalcohol hydrogel, a polyacrylic acidhydrogel, carrageenan gel, alginate gel, or gelatin. In a preferredembodiment, the water-containing material is an acrylamide hydrogel.

In another aspect, the invention features a method of assessing thecalibration state of a blood-monitoring device by: (i) providing awater-containing material that capable of transitioning from a liquidfluid state to a gel state; (ii) using the blood-monitoring device tomeasure a characteristic of the water-containing material; and (iii)assessing the calibration state of the blood-monitoring device bycomparing the characteristic produced in step (ii) to a predeterminedthreshold value. In preferred embodiments, the water-containing materialis an acrylamide gel and the blood-monitoring device is a T2reader orthromboelastography (TEG) analyzer. In specific embodiments, aparamagnetic agent (e.g., manganese, manganese complexes, gadolinium,gadolinium complexes, or superparamagnetic particles) is added to thesample prior to analysis. The paramagnetic agent can be asuperparamagnetic particle having an average diameter of between 3 and40 nanometers, between 30 and 70 nanometers, between 70 and 100nanometers, between 100 and 500 nanometers, or between 500 and 1000nanometers.

In certain embodiments, a series of NMR relaxation rate measurementsfrom a blood sample is used to generate a series of magnetic resonanceparameter values (e.g., T2 or amplitude values) that is characteristicof a certain water population in the blood sample. The series ofmagnetic resonance parameters values can be plotted as a function oftime to generate a time curve that is also characteristic of the waterpopulation. For example, a T2 time curve (or an amplitude curve) for acertain water population in a blood sample can be plotted as the sampleundergoes clotting. These time curves may be further used to generateadditional curves. For example, a first or a second time derivative of aT2 time curve can be plotted. Time curves can be used as the basis forassessing a clotting behavior of a blood sample or the hemostaticcondition of the subject from whom the blood sample was drawn.Similarly, curves generated from two different samples obtained from thesame subject (e.g., a treated sample and an untreated sample) can beused as the basis for assessing a clotting behavior of the subject'sblood or the hemostatic condition of the subject.

In other embodiments, a clotting behavior of a sample or the hemostaticcondition of a subject can be assessed on the basis of comparing thevalue of a magnetic resonance parameter or time curve associated withthe sample or subject to a predetermined threshold value. Thepredetermined threshold value can be established in a number ofdifferent ways. For example, the predetermined threshold can becharacteristic of a hemostatic condition (e.g., a normal, prothrombotic,or hemorrhagic condition). The threshold value can be determined frommean values, or the range of values observed for blood drawn from normaland abnormal subjects. Alternatively, the threshold value can bedetermined from a standard sample that consistently provides the sameparameter or curve when used in the NMR-based methods of the invention(e.g., a blood sample treated to clot in a particular manner or anacrylamide gel).

In another aspect, the invention features a method of assessing thehemostatic condition of a subject by: (i) making a series of relaxationrate measurements (e.g., T2 relaxation rate measurements) of the waterin a blood sample drawn from the subject, where the blood sample isundergoing a clotting process or a dissolution process, and where themeasurements provide two or more decay curves, where each decay curve ischaracteristic of a time point in the process; (ii) applying amathematical transform (e.g., an inverse Laplace transform) to the twoor more decay curves to identify two or more water populations (e.g., awater population having a serum-associated T2 signal and a waterpopulation having a clot-associated T2 signal) in the blood sample attwo or more time points in the process to produce two or more magneticresonance parameter values having two or more signal intensities, whereeach water population has a characteristic magnetic resonance parametervalue and a concentration characteristic of the signal intensity of themagnetic resonance parameter value; (iii) producing a 3D data set from(a) the two or more time points; (b) the two or more magnetic resonanceparameter values; and (c) the two or more signal intensities; (iv)extracting from the 3D data set one or more clotting behaviors (e.g.,clotting time (R), fibrinolytic behavior, clot strength (MA), kineticbehavior of the clot, platelet-associated clot strength (MA_(PLATELET)),functional fibrinogen-associated clot strength (MA_(FF)), percent lysis30 minutes after MA (LY30), or hematocrit) that is characteristic of thehemostatic condition of the subject; and (v) assessing the hemostaticcondition of the subject on the basis of the one or more clottingbehaviors.

In certain embodiments, the invention features adding an anti-plateletantibody or Fab fragment (e.g., abciximab) to a sample (e.g., a wholeblood sample) undergoing a clotting process or a dissolution process. Inother embodiments, the invention features adding a clotting activator ora platelet inhibitor to a sample (e.g., a whole blood sample) undergoinga clotting process or a dissolution process.

In another aspect, the invention features a method of assessing thestrength of a blood clot or the platelet activity of a blood clot by:(i) making a T2 relaxation rate measurement of the water in a bloodclot, where the measurement provides a decay curve; (ii) applying amathematical transform (e.g., an inverse Laplace transform) to the decaycurve to identify the signal intensity of a water population in theblood clot, wherein the water population corresponds to a retractedblood clot water environment or a serum water environment; and (iii) onthe basis of the signal intensity of the water population, assessing thestrength of the blood clot or the platelet activity of the blood clot.

In another aspect, the invention features a method of assessing thehemostatic condition of a subject by: (i) providing a blood sample fromthe subject; (ii) making a T2 relaxation rate measurement of the waterin the sample, where the measurement provides a decay curve; (iii)applying a mathematical transform (e.g., an inverse Laplace transform)to the decay curve to identify a serum-associated T2 signal and aclot-associated T2 signal; and (iv) on the basis of the differencebetween the serum-associated T2 signal and the clot-associated T2 signalor the appearance of the clot-associated T2 signal assessing thehemostatic condition of the subject.

In another aspect, the invention features a method of diagnosing ahemostatic condition in a subject by: (i) making a series of NMRrelaxation rate measurements of the water in a blood sample drawn fromthe subject; (ii) transmitting the NMR relaxation rate measurements ordata that is characteristic of the NMR relaxation rate measurements forprocessing, the processing including any of the methods describedherein; and (iii) receiving the results of step (ii) and, on the basisof the results, diagnosing the subject.

The invention further features a method for reducing the risk ofbleeding or clotting in a subject fitted with a heart assist device, themethod including: (i) evaluating the hemostatic condition of the subjectusing a method described herein; and (ii) on the basis of step (i),adjusting an operational parameter (e.g., speed, intensity, pressure,flow, pump volume, or filling volume) of the heart assist device toreduce the risk of bleeding or clotting in the subject. In particularembodiment, the heart assist device is selected from an extracorporealcardiac bypass machines and implantable blood pumps, such as leftventricular assist devices.

The invention further features a method for reducing the risk ofbleeding or clotting in a subject fitted with a heart assist device, themethod including: (i) evaluating the hemostatic condition of the subjectusing a method described herein; and (ii) on the basis of step (i),administering an anticoagulation therapy, antiplatelet therapy, and/orprocoagulant therapy to the subject to reduce the risk of bleeding orclotting in the subject. In particular embodiment, the heart assistdevice is selected from an extracorporeal cardiac bypass machines andimplantable blood pumps, such as left ventricular assist devices.

In another aspect, the invention features a method of comparing aclotting or dissolution behavior of a sample measured using theNMR-based techniques of the invention with rheological change orclotting or dissolution measured in an equivalent sample using a systemknown in the art.

The methods of the invention can be used to make simultaneous measuresof multiple parameters in a sample (e.g., simultaneously measureparameters associated with the clotting of a sample or the hemostaticcondition of a subject).

In any of the above methods, the method can include the steps of (i)adding whole blood, or a component thereof, to a tube containing one ormore additives (e.g., heparin, citrate, a nanoparticle formulation,paramagnetic agents, fibrinogen, tissue plasminogen activator (TPA),antithrombotic agents such as abciximab, or any other additive describedherein), and (ii) mixing the contents to initiate a clotting process. Inparticular embodiments, the one or more additives are dried additivesreconstitutable in whole blood, or a component thereof. For example,whole blood, or a component thereof, can be caused to clot in situ witha small pellet of collagen on the bottom of the sample tube. Inparticular embodiments, at least a portion of the sample tube is coatedwith collagen to initiate clotting. In still other embodiments, alocalized region of the sample tube is coated with a clot initiator(e.g., collagen, or another clot initiator described herein) to permitspatial control of the clot formation.

In any of the above methods, the method can include the step ofmeasuring the T2 signal of a sample using a T2reader. For example,quantitative T2 measures in blood (whole blood, diluted blood, PRP,etc.) can be made using a CPMG pulse sequence utilizing long total echotimes, with total echo time of about 5×T2 (e.g., tau is typically morethan 62.5 μs and less than 1000 μs). In particular embodiments, theT2reader is used to pre-incubate the sample to the desired temperatureprior to initiating the clotting process.

For samples containing unclotted blood, it is understood that theunclotted blood can settle to produce a sample with more than one T2value, but the timescale of this settling is typically longer than thatof clot formation.

The methods of the invention are directed to the analysis of raw NMRdata to produce information about two or more water populations in asample undergoing a clotting or dissolution process. Exemplified areinverse Laplace transformations of the data to identify the signalintensities arising from the different water populations observedsimultaneously within a sample. Alternatively, information about the twoor more water populations in a sample may be obtained using dataacquisition and data manipulation techniques known in the art, such as(i) relaxation measurement using a Hahn Echo pulse sequence; (ii)difference measurement based on the difference between the FID signalamplitude at a fixed time delay after the initial 90-degree pulse andthe amplitude at a fixed delay after a subsequent 180-degree pulse;(iii) measurement of T2 values and echo attenuations in the presence ofa pulsed field gradient configured to attenuate specific populations ofwater based on their relaxation properties thereby highlighting otherpopulations of water; and (iv) difference measurements (i.e., thedifference between the signal intensity at two or more different pointsin time for (a) an FID after a single 90-degree pulse, (b) a CPMGrelaxation curve, (c) a relaxation curve obtained by a series of Hahnechoes or spin echoes, or (d) a CP relaxation curve). The alternativeapproaches can be used in any of the methods described herein.

As used herein, the term “3D data set” refers to a collection ofmeasured and/or derived data points that can be assembled into a 3D plotthat is characteristic of the changes in a sample undergoing a clottingprocess or dissolution process over a period of time. A 3D plot derivedfrom a 3D data set can depict the emergence and/or disappearance ofdifferent water populations within the sample and quantifies theintensities and relaxation times (e.g., T2 relaxation times) of thesewater populations at specific points in time or over ranges of time.

As used herein, the term “a first water population” refers to a waterpopulation of a whole blood sample that is characterized by an initialamplitude in unclotted blood that decreases with clotting. A first waterpopulation may also refer to a water population referred to elsewhere inthe application as population A. The amplitude and T2 data extractedfrom a first water population are referred to as Amp_(A) and T2A,respectively.

As used herein, the term “a second water population” refers to a waterpopulation of a whole blood sample that is characterized by an initialamplitude in unclotted blood that increases with clotting. The secondwater population may be associated with the platelet concentration of ablood clot. A second water population may also refer to a waterpopulation referred to elsewhere in the application as population B. Theamplitude and T2 data extracted from a second water population arereferred to as Amp_(B) and T2B, respectively.

As used herein, the term “a third water population” refers to a waterpopulation of a whole blood sample that is characterized by anapproximately constant amplitude during the clotting process. The thirdwater population may be associated with the water bound to biomoleculeswithin red blood cells. A third water population may also refer to awater population referred to elsewhere in the application as populationC. The amplitude and T2 data extracted from a third water population arereferred to as Amp_(s) and T2C, respectively.

As used herein, the term “a fourth water population” refers to a waterpopulation of a whole blood sample that is characterized by a broaddistribution of T2 values, ranging from about 400 milliseconds to about2,200 milliseconds. The range of T2 values associated with the fourthwater population may depend on the hardware and materials (e.g., sampletubes) used in the collection of the data. The fourth water populationmay be associated with the serum surrounding a retracted blood clot andmerge with a fifth water population upon the inclusion of ananti-platelet aggregation agent (e.g., abciximab) in the blood sample.The features of the fourth water population may correspond with plateletactivity and/or clot strength.

As used herein, the terms “serum water environment” refers to the waterenvironment found in an unclotted blood sample, or that portion of ablood sample that remains unclotted. The “serum-associated T2 signal”refers to the signal arising from the serum water environment (e.g., acorresponding T2 signal within a clotting blood sample associated withthe serum surrounding a retracted blood clot). The serum-associated T2signal is typically present in both a sample containing a retractedblood clot and a clotted sample from which the retracted blood clot hasbeen removed. The serum-associated T2 signal contains a resolved peakwith higher T2 values than the T2 values of the clot-associated T2signal. The serum water environment can be associated with the fourthwater population described above.

As used herein, the term “a fifth water population” refers to a waterpopulation of a whole blood sample that is characterized by adistribution of T2 values ranging from about 80 milliseconds to about500 milliseconds. The range of T2 values associated with the fifth waterpopulation may depend on the hardware and materials (e.g., sample tubes)used in the collection of the data. The fifth water population may beassociated with a retracted blood clot. The features of the fifth waterpopulation may correspond with clotting time and/or fibrinolyticactivity.

As used herein, the terms “retracted blood clot water environment”refers to the water environment found in a retracted blood clot andcharacteristic of clot formation. The “clot-associated T2 signal” refersto the signal arising from the retracted blood clot water environment(whether or not the clot is retracted at the time of measurement). Theclot-associated T2 signal is present both in a clotted whole bloodsample containing a retracted blood clot and a sample containing aretracted blood clot from which the surrounding serum has been removed.The clot-associated T2 signal contains a resolved peak with lower T2values than the T2 values of the serum-associated T2 signal. Theretracted blood clot water environment can be associated with the fifthwater population described above.

As used herein, the term “algorithm” refers to a mathematical routineused to process or transform data.

As used herein, the term “assay” refers to a method of monitoring ablood clotting behavior.

As used herein, the term “clotting behavior” refers to a parameterassociated with a blood clot, a forming blood clot, or a clot undergoingdissolution (e.g., clotting time (R), fibrinolytic behavior, clotstrength (MA), kinetic behavior of the clot, platelet-associated clotstrength (MA_(PLATELET)), functional fibrinogen-associated clot strength(MA_(FF)), percent lysis 30 minutes after MA (LY30), etc.).

As used herein, the term “clotting process” refers to a process in aliquid resulting in localized spatial change of the solvent watermolecules within a sample and characterized by changes in the NMRrelaxation rate of solvent water molecules within the aqueous liquid.The aqueous liquid may have more than one population of solvent watermolecules, each population characterized by an NMR relaxation parameterthat varies as the aqueous sample undergoes the clotting process. Themethods of the invention can be used to monitor a clotting process in anaqueous solution containing gel-forming components including, withoutlimitation, proteinaceous solutions (e.g., blood, plasma, or gelatin,among others) and non-proteinaceous hydrogels.

As used herein, the term “dissolution process” refers to a process in aliquid resulting in localized spatial change of the solvent watermolecules within a sample and characterized by changes in the NMRrelaxation rate of solvent water molecules within the aqueous liquid.The aqueous liquid may have more than one population of solvent watermolecules, each population characterized by an NMR relaxation parameterthat varies as the aqueous sample undergoes the dissolution process. Themethods of the invention can be used to monitor a dissolution process inan aqueous solution containing gel-forming components including, withoutlimitation, proteinaceous solutions (e.g., blood, plasma, or gelatin,among others) and non-proteinaceous hydrogels.

As used herein, the term “functional fibrinogen” refers to fibrinogen ina clot that contributes to the clot strength.

As used herein, the term “gel state” refers to a dispersion includingwater and a solid in which the mobility of water molecules is reduced incomparison to the mobility of water molecules in a liquid fluid state.The gel state can be formed from polymers and/or proteins (e.g., fromclotted blood, from gelatin, or from any gel-forming material describedherein).

As used herein, the term “given time after the commencement of theassay” refers to the time within which a clotting behavior may bedetermined after the start of an assay directed to monitoring bloodclotting behavior. Examples of a given time after the commencement ofthe assay include 60 minutes, 35 minutes, 45 minutes, 10 minutes, 5minutes, 2 minutes, and 1 minute.

As used herein, the term “heart assist device” includes, but is notlimited to, extracorporeal cardiac bypass machines and implantable bloodpumps, such as left ventricular assist devices.

As used herein, the term “hematocrit” refers to the percentage, byvolume, of red blood cells in a whole blood sample.

As used herein, the term “hemostatic condition” refers to the conditionof a subject characterized by the clotting behaviors of the subject'sblood. A hemostatic condition may be prothrombotic (an increased risk ofblood clot formation), hemorrhagic (an increased risk of spontaneousbleeding), or normal (neither prothrombotic nor hemorrhagic). Ahemostatic condition may also refer to a specific thrombotic disorder(e.g., protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency, protein Z deficiency,antithrombin deficiency, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, resistanceto anticoagulation therapy, or hyperhomocysteinemia). In otherinstances, a hemostatic condition may be induced by an anticoagulantadministered to the subject in response to a physiological condition ofthe subject or to prevent the onset of a physiological condition in thesubject. Such physiological conditions include atrial fibrillation,myocardial infarction, unstable angina, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonaryembolism, and acute ischemic stroke. Likewise, the hemostatic conditionmay be induced by administering an anticoagulant to a subject having aninvasive surgical procedure, such as joint replacement,surgically-replaced mechanical heart valve or other device implanted inthe body. The hemostatic condition of a subject may be assessed bydetermining one or more clotting behaviors of one or more blood samplesdrawn from the subject.

As used herein, the term “magnetic resonance parameter” refers to arelaxation rate or amplitude extracted from an NMR relaxation ratemeasurement.

As used herein, the term “NMR relaxation rate” refers to any of thefollowing in a sample: T1, T2, T_(1rho), T_(2rho), and T₂*. NMRrelaxation rates may be measured and/or represented using T1/T2 hybriddetection methods. Additionally, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC)can be determined and evaluated (Vidmar et al. NMR in BioMedicine, 2009;and Vidmar et al., Eur J Biophys J. 2008).

As used herein, the term “platelet” refers to cellular elements thatcontribute to clot formation.

As used herein, the term “predetermined threshold value” refers to astandard parameter value or set of values, a standard time curve, or astandard signature curve that is derived from the methods of theinvention and is characteristic of a particular rheological state orcharacteristic of a normal or abnormal result (e.g., characteristic of ablood from a normal subject, or characteristic of blood from a subjecthaving an abnormal hemostatic condition). A predetermined thresholdvalue can be obtained by measuring the NMR parameter values in, forexample, blood samples drawn from populations of normal and/or abnormalsubjects. The predetermined threshold value can be selected todiscriminate between two or more different possible rheological statesfor a sample. Where the samples are blood samples, the predeterminedthreshold value can be used, for example, to diagnose a hemostaticcondition in the subject.

As used herein, the term “reader” or “T2reader” refers to a device fordetecting coagulation-related activation including clotting andfibrinolysis of samples. T2readers may be used generally to characterizethe properties of a sample (e.g., a biological sample such as blood ornon-biological samples such as an acrylamide gel). Such a device isdescribed, for example, in International Publication No. WO2010/051362,which is herein incorporated by reference.

As used herein, the term “relative concentration” refers to thecomparative concentration, or volume fraction, of one water populationwith respect to another (e.g., a second or third) water population. Forexample, the relative concentration of water population A may be twotimes (or five times, or ten times) greater than the concentration ofwater population B.

As used herein, the term “signal intensity of a water population” refersto the intensity from a relaxation rate measurement for a particularwater population in a sample measured as either (i) a peak heightcharacteristic of the particular water population or (ii) an integrationof a peak or peaks characteristic of the particular water population.

As used herein, the term “treated sample” refers to a blood sample thatcontains an additive in a concentration greater than is necessary toprevent coagulation of a normal sample in the absence of a clottinginitiator (e.g., calcium chloride).

As used herein, the term “untreated sample” refers to a blood samplethat does not contain an additive in a concentration greater than isnecessary to prevent coagulation of a normal sample in the absence of aclotting initiator (e.g., calcium chloride).

As used herein, the term “whole blood” refers to the blood of a subjectthat includes red blood cells. Whole blood includes blood which has beenaltered through a processing step or modified by the addition of anadditive (e.g., heparin, citrate, a nanoparticle formulation,fibrinogen, tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), collagen, antithromboticagents such as abciximab, or other additives).

As used herein, the term “pooled whole-blood platelets” refers toplatelet-enriched blood or blood product (e.g., plasma). Pooledwhole-blood platelets include samples that have been altered through aprocessing step or modified by the addition of an additive.

As used herein, the term “T1/T2 hybrid” refers to any detection methodthat combines a T1 and a T2 measurement. For example, the value of aT1/T2 hybrid can be a composite signal obtained through the combinationof, ratio, or difference between two or more different T1 and T2measurements. The T1/T2 hybrid can be obtained, for example, by using apulse sequence in which T1 and T2 are alternatively measured or acquiredin an interleaved fashion. Additionally, the T1/T2 hybrid signal can beacquired with a pulse sequence that measures a relaxation rate that iscomprised of both T1 and T2 relaxation rates or mechanisms.

As used herein, the term “T2 signature” refers to a curve established byapplying a mathematical transform (e.g., a Laplace transform or inverseLaplace transform) to a decay curve associated with a relaxation rateparameter at a discrete time point or over a set time duration during arheological event. T2 signature curves provide information about therelative abundance of multiple water populations in a clot. As clottingor fibrinolysis progresses, the T2 signature curves will reflect thechanges within the clot. T2 signatures may be used advantageously toassess, in real time, a discriminated hemostatic condition of a subject.Further, a T2 signature may be a two dimensional (intensity versus T2value or T2 value versus time) or three dimensional representation(intensity versus T2 value versus time). The T2 values in the two- orthree dimensional representation may be replaced with or compared toother NMR signals such as T1, T1/T2 hybrid, T_(1rho), T_(2rho) and T₂*.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from thefollowing Detailed Description, the drawings, and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1C depict graphs and equations for identifying NMR relaxationrates for multiple water populations within a sample from a single FIDand a method for extracting features from the relaxation rates that arecharacteristic of the coagulation state of a sample. FIG. 1A is a graphillustrating a tri-exponential curve fitting (using equation 2) of a CKsample. FIG. 1B shows a graph illustrating a bi-exponential curvefitting (using equation 1) of a CK sample after truncation of theinitial fast phase. FIG. 1C is a graphical depiction of the algorithmused to identify blood clotting behaviors from measurements of NMRrelaxation rates.

FIG. 2 depicts two plots showing the change in the observed T2relaxation values (T2A and T2B) for the different populations of waterin a single CK blood sample undergoing clotting. The figure illustratesthat the relaxation rates of the separate water populations may bemonitored as a function of time. The T2 value of water population Adecreases initially, then increases, and then plateaus during theclotting process; the T2 values of water population B increasesinitially in the clotting process, peaks, and then decreases. The changein T2 values for a water population in a blood sample undergoing aclotting or dissolution process can be characteristic of thehypercoagulability or hypocoagulability of the blood sample.

FIG. 3 is a series of plots depicting the change in the amplitude values(AmpA and AmpB) for the different populations of water in CK bloodsamples undergoing clotting. The blood samples were taken from fourdifferent healthy subjects meeting the criteria for making blooddonations and not taking anticoagulant medication. The change inamplitude values for a water population in a blood sample undergoing aclotting or dissolution process can be characteristic of thehypercoagulability or hypocoagulability of the blood sample.

FIG. 4 is a series of plots of AmpA and AmpB for CK (kaolin) versus ADP(adenosine diphosphate)+RF (reptilase and factor XIII) versus Aactivated samples from two different patients (see Example 1 and Table 1for a description of the different activation pathways). In bothsamples, the kaolin activated samples displayed a significant increasein AmpB during clot formation. In both subject samples, the A activatedsamples did not display a significant increase in the AmpB during clotformation. The activator RF activates fibrin formation. When an ADP+RFactivator was used, the sample from one subject exhibited no significantchange in AmpB during clot formation, while the sample from the othersubject exhibited a significant change in AmpB during clot formation.The variability in the value of an NMR parameter for a water populationin a blood sample undergoing a clotting or dissolution process underdifferent conditions (i.e., in the presence of different clottinginitiators or clotting inhibitors) can be characteristic of thehypercoagulability or hypocoagulability of the blood sample and/orcharacteristic of a hemostatic condition in the subject from whom thesample was taken.

FIG. 5 is a set of exemplary processed T2Coagulation curves for a singlepatient. The original T2A, T2B, and AmpB curves are shown on the toprow. The middle row depicts the first derivative of the curves, and thebottom row depicts the second derivative of the curves.

FIGS. 6A-6C depicts the manner in which a T2A+pT2B curve is calculated:A T2A plot that shows how the addition of pT2B will affect the shape ofthe T2A curve (FIG. 6A); a T2B plot that shows how pT2B is calculated bytaking the difference between the maximum T2B value and the actual T2Bvalue for all time points after the maximum T2B value is reached (FIG.6B); and a T2A+pT2B plot is generated by adding the shaded portion inthe T2B curve to the T2A curve, in the same time register (FIG. 6C).

FIG. 7 is a T2Coagulation curve where data shift and reflections wereconducted on the extracted data to mimic TEG tracing. The figureillustrates that water probing reveals early changes in microscopicorder that may allow for the collection of additional information frombefore the clotting time R is observed.

FIGS. 8A and 8B depict graphs showing that the T2 signal for unclottedblood varies inversely with hematocrit levels. The T2 signal forunclotted blood varies inversely with hematocrit (HCT) levels. As shownin FIG. 8A, distinct patient samples spanning a wide range of HCTreference values demonstrates this generally. Applying calibrationmethods to a single patient sample diluted across a range of HCT, adepicted in FIG. 8B shows the linear dependence on HCT.

FIG. 9 depicts a correlation plot between T2 R and TEG R for CK runs;the solid line represents the regression line calculated from thecorrelation plot.

FIG. 10 shows the correlation between the T2Coagulation feature “T2Ainitial slope” and the TEG term(MA_(THROMBIN)−MA_(A)), which correspondsto platelet-associated clot strength (MA_(PLATELET)).

FIGS. 11A-11C shows T2Coagulation results from a functional fibrinogentitration in 50% citrated whole blood. Two T2Coagulation Amplitude plotsshow AmpA and AmpB on the same intensity scale; FIG. 11A is 50% citratedwhole blood with no added fibrinogen; FIG. 11B is 50% citrated wholeblood with 1.25 mg/mL added fibrinogen; and FIG. 11C shows a correlationplot for the fibrinogen titration conducted on the patient sample.

FIGS. 12A-12D depict the T2Coagulation sensitivity to fibrinolysis. T2Acurves for two different patients are shown in FIGS. 12A and 12B; andT2B curves are shown for the same two different patients in FIGS. 12Cand 12D. The solid lines show a kaolin curve in the absence offibrinolysis and the dashed lines show a kaolin curve in the presence offibrinolysis.

FIG. 13 depicts a correlation plot between T2Coagulation and TEG forhealthy and fibrinolytic samples. Data points within the solid circleare healthy K runs. Data points within the dashed circle are forfibrinolytic K runs. Data points outside both circles are for partiallyfibrinolytic runs.

FIGS. 14A-14D depict correlation plots comparing the methods of theinvention to existing modes of analysis. A preliminary correlation forPT/INR with Stago was demonstrated using thromboplastin reagent(Thrombotest, Axis Shield) and 1:5 dilution of whole blood for T2MR andthe standard reagents and plasma protocol for Stago Start system (seeFIG. 14A). Correlation with TEG clotting time was obtained across >40normal patient samples with non-optimized R2 correlation of >0.8. (seeFIG. 14B). PT time correlations with Stago for plasma (see FIG. 14D) andwith Hemochron for whole blood (see FIG. 14C) were also found. SeeExample 7.

FIG. 15 depicts a T2 decay curve and a corresponding T2 signature curve,with possible changes in signature at the T2 signature curve as afunction of changes in the composition of the sample.

FIG. 16 depicts the inverse Laplace transform of T2 data correspondingto patient sample KP 29476 and separate inverse Laplace transforms ofthe T2 data obtained from the serum and retracted clot after separation.The plots show that formation of a strong clot results in two distinctwater populations (i.e., the population of water in the clot and thepopulation of water in the serum). The signal at the higher T2 timescorresponds to the serum-associated T2 signal and the signal at thelower T2 times corresponds to the clot-associated T2 signal.

FIG. 17 depicts two overlaid T2 relaxation spectra and the TEG clotstrength (MA) for two different samples drawn from the same patient. Thesample containing the weaker clot (MA=19.2) exhibited a lower value forthe difference between the clot-associated signal and theserum-associated signal (182 milliseconds) than the sample containingthe stronger clot (MA=65; 258 milliseconds). The spectra shown in FIG.17 were collected on a T2reader.

FIG. 18 depicts a graph for two patients correlating clot strength (MAvalue) with the difference between the clot-associated signal and theserum-associated signal (Delta T2). The data shows that increasing clotstrength positively correlates with Delta T2.

FIG. 19 depicts two T2 relaxation spectra for a patient sample collectedon a T2reader at two different time points. The spectra show an initialsignificant peak at Time 0 that corresponds with the blood in thesample. At 20 minutes, two significant peaks are evident. The peak witha lower T2 time (˜200-300 milliseconds) corresponds with the T2 bloodclot water environment, and the peak with a higher T2 time (˜450-580milliseconds) corresponds with the T2 serum water environment.

FIG. 20 depicts 3D plots for patient samples 29328 and 29350. The TEG MAvalues measured for samples 29328 and 29350 were 68.4 and 61.9,respectively.

FIG. 21 depicts 3D plots for four samples containing four differentconcentrations of abciximab, as described in Example 14. The data wascollected on a Bruker minispec.

FIG. 22 depicts T2 relaxation rate spectra for five blood samplescontaining different concentrations of abciximab at 0.1 minutes, asdescribed in Example 14. The data was collected on a Bruker minispec.

FIG. 23 depicts T2 relaxation spectra for four blood samples containingdifferent concentrations of abciximab at 20 minutes, as described inExample 14. The differences between the four T2 relaxation spectraillustrate the effect of the anti-platelet agent on the distribution ofwater into discrete populations within the sample during clotting. Thesedifferences correspond to differences in the clot strength, as measuredby TEG, with clot strength decreasing as the water populations merge atthe higher concentrations of abciximab. The data was collected on aBruker minispec.

FIG. 24 depicts a 3D plot constructed from a 3D data set collected usinga T2reader. The 3D plot shows an initial significant water populationthat rapidly decreases in intensity. At a time between 8 and 10 minutes,two distinct water populations emerge. The emergence of the waterpopulation with a lower T2 value (the population corresponding to theclot-associated T2 signal) corresponds with the clotting time.

FIGS. 25A and 25B depicts two 3D plots constructed from a 3D data setcollected using a T2reader for a native sample with no added Reopro®(FIG. 25A) and a sample with inhibited platelets with 8 μg/mL Reopro®(FIG. 25B). The 3D plot shows an initial significant water populationthat rapidly decreases in intensity. At a time between 6.3 and 8.5minutes, two distinct water populations emerge for the native sample inFIG. 25A. Platelet inhibition reduces the signal intensity of the clotassociated signal and shifts the serum associated signal to lower T2values.

FIGS. 26A-26C depict the changes in the T2 relaxation curve of a bloodsample with and without a paramagnetic agent of varying size. Sampleswere run without magnetic particles (see FIG. 26A), with CLIOnanoparticles (30 nm size; ca. 0.05 ng) (see FIG. 26B), and with Seramagsuperparamagnetic particles (730 nm size; ca. 0.05 ng) (see FIG. 26C).Addition of 30 nm nanoparticles erases the clot signal (at T2=200 msec)in a typical citrated kaolin experiment, only 1 peak at T2-100 msec ispresent. Addition of 730 nm superparamagnetic particles does notinterfere with the ability to observe both peaks. See Example 4.

FIGS. 27A-27C show that the T2MR surface is sensitive to whole bloodfibrinolysis. To assess this, healthy donor samples were spiked withtissue plasminogen activator (TPA). High sensitivity and rapid time toresult for fibrinolysis was demonstrated. See Example 19.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The methods and devices of the invention can be used to assess the riskand occurrence of thrombotic events, including myocardial ischemicevents in a patient having or suspected of having vascular disease,particularly in patients who have undergone percutaneous interventionand may be at acute risk of, for example, stent thrombosis, vesselrestenosis, myocardial infarction, or stroke. For example, the methodsand devices of the invention can be used to assess platelet reactivity(i.e., relative concentration of platelet-associated water molecules ina clot), clotting kinetics, clot strength, clot stability, andtime-to-fibrin generation (i.e., R), as indices for risk of a thromboticevent, such as myocardial ischemia, independent of responsiveness todrug therapy (e.g., as assessed by a change in platelet reactivityfollowing administration of an anti-platelet drug such as clopidogrel).These indices can also be used to prevent complications arising fromsurgical and percutaneous vascular procedures (e.g., stent placement orballoon angioplasty) such as stent thrombosis or re-stenosis.Furthermore, the methods and devices of the invention can be used toidentify a safe and effective therapy (e.g., dose, regimen,anti-platelet therapy, among others) for a patient at risk of athrombotic event or undergoing a surgical procedure.

The methods and devices of the invention can be used to monitor complexsamples having water in more than one location or compartment (i.e.,samples having more than one water population). For, example, aheterogeneous sample, namely whole blood, there are various populationsof water, e.g. plasma water, compartmentalized water, i.e. cellular(erythrocyte, leukocyte, and thrombocyte) water, and water associatedwith functional features of whole blood processes such as coagulation,e.g. serum, clots, or clot dissolution. Similarly, in a sampleundergoing a rheological transition, there is generally more than onepopulation of water; e.g. water associated with a gel state, water notassociated with a gel state, and, in some instances, water associatedwith a specialized compartment of the sample (i.e. cellular water). Themethods of the invention permit one to monitor changes in a sample bysimultaneously observing changes in the various water populationspresent in a sample. The changes can include the formation of new waterpopulations or changes in the relative signal of existing waterpopulations, both of which can be characteristic of the underlyingphysical properties of the sample before, during, or after a change inrheology (e.g., an ordering or disordering of structure in the sample).

Clotting Initiation

For performing the methods of the invention, clotting may be initiatedusing a variety of techniques. Citrated kaolin (CK) is a common globalinitiator for aPTT (activated partial thromboplastin time) and wholeblood clotting times. To start the clotting process, calcium chlorideand kaolin is mixed with a citrated blood sample. CK-activated samplesare characterized by clot formations where platelets and fibrincontribute to the clot. Alternatively, an activator RF may be used toinitiate clotting with or without the addition to a platelet activatorsuch as TRAP, AA, or ADP. A-activated samples are characterized by clotformations where fibrin rather than platelets contribute primarily tothe clot. Alternatively ADP may be used to activate the clot.ADP-activated samples are characterized by clot formations where fibrincontributes primarily to the clot and platelets contribute to lesserdegree. The signal response observed under different activationconditions can be diagnostic of the hemostatic condition of a subject.

Other blood clotting activators that can be used in the methods of theinvention include collagen, epinephrine, ristocetin, thrombin, calcium,tissue factor, thromboplastin, kaolin, serotonin, platelet activatingfactor (PAF), thromboxane A2 (TXA2), fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor(VFW), elastin, fibrinonectin, laminin, vitronectin, thrombospondin, andlanthanide ions (e.g., lanthanum, europium, ytterbium, etc.).Combinations of activators can be used, for example, to aid inidentifying an underlying hemostatic condition that results in asubject's blood sample being hypocoagulable.

Signal Acquisition and Processing

Standard radiofrequency pulse sequences for the determination of nuclearresonance parameters are known in the art, for example, theCarr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) is traditionally used if relaxationconstant T₂ is to be determined Optimization of the radiofrequency pulsesequences, including selection of the frequency of the radiofrequencypulses in the sequence, pulse powers and pulse lengths, depends on thesystem under investigation and is performed using procedures known inthe art.

Nuclear magnetic resonance parameters that can be obtained using themethods of the present invention include but are not limited to T1, T2,T1/T2 hybrid, T_(1rho), T_(2rho) and T₂*. Typically, at least one of theone or more nuclear resonance parameters that are obtained using themethods of the present invention is spin-spin relaxation constant T2.

As with other diagnostics and analytical instrumentation, the goal ofNMR-based diagnostics is to extract information from a sample anddeliver a high-confidence result to the user. As the information flowsfrom the sample to the user it typically undergoes severaltransformations to tailor the information to the specific user. Themethods and devices of the invention can be used to obtain diagnosticinformation about the hemostatic condition of a subject. This isachieved by processing the NMR relaxation signal into one or more seriesof component signals representative of the different populations ofwater molecules present, e.g., in a blood sample that is clotting orclotted. For example, NMR relaxation data, such as T2, can be fit to adecaying exponential curve defined by the following equation:

$\begin{matrix}{{{f(t)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{A_{i}{\exp ( {{- t}/{T(i)}} )}}}},} & (3)\end{matrix}$

where f(t) is the signal intensity as a function of time, t, A_(i) isthe amplitude coefficient for the ith component, and (T)_(i) the decayconstant (such as T2) for the ith component. For relaxation phenomenondiscussed here the detected signal is the sum of a discrete number ofcomponents (i=1, 2, 3, 4 . . . n). Such functions are called mono-, bi-,tri-, tetra- or multi-exponential, respectively. Due to the widespreadneed for analyzing multi-exponential processes in science andengineering, there are several established mathematical methods forrapidly obtaining estimates of A_(i) and (T)_(i) for each coefficient.Methods that have been successfully applied and may be applied in theprocessing of the raw data obtained using the methods of the inventioninclude Laplace transforms, algebraic methods, graphical analysis,nonlinear least squares (of which there are many flavors),differentiation methods, the method of modulating functions, integrationmethod, method of moments, rational function approximation, Pade-Laplacetransform, and the maximum entropy method (see Istratov, A. A. &Vyvenko, O. F. Rev. Sci. Inst. 70:1233 (1999)). Other methods, whichhave been specifically demonstrated for low field NMR include singularvalue decomposition (Lupu, M. & Todor, D. Chemometrics and IntelligentLaboratory Systems 29:11 (1995)) and factor analysis.

There are several software programs and algorithms available that useone or more of these exponential fitting methods. One of the most widelycited sources for exponential fitting programs are those written andprovided by Stephen Provencher, called “DISCRETE” and “CONTIN”(Provencher, S. W. & Vogel, R. H. Math. Biosci. 50:251 (1980);Provencher, S. W. Comp. Phys. Comm 27:213 (1982)). Discrete is analgorithm for solving for up to nine discrete components in amulti-component exponential curve. CONTIN is an algorithm that uses aninverse Laplace transform to solve for samples that have a distributionof relaxation times. Commercial applications using multiexponentialanalyses use these or similar algorithms. In fact, Bruker minispec usesthe publicly-available CONTIN algorithm for some of their analysis. Forthe invention described here, the relaxation times are expected to bediscrete values unique to each sample and not a continuous distribution,therefore programs like CONTIN are not needed although they could beused. The code for many other exponential fitting methods are generallyavailable (Istratov, A. A. & Vyvenko, 0. F. Rev. Sci. Inst. 70:1233(1999)) and can be used to obtain medical diagnostic informationaccording to the methods of the present invention. Information isavailable regarding how the signal to noise ratio and total samplingtime relates to the maximum number of terms that can be determined, themaximum resolution that can be achieved, and the range of decayconstants that can be fitted. For a signal to noise ratio of ˜10⁴ thetheoretical limit as to the resolution of two decay constants measured,independent of the analytical method, is a resolution δ=(T_(i)/T_(i+1))of >1.2 (Istratov, A. A. & Vyvenko, 0. F. Rev. Sci. Inst. 70:1233(1999)). Thus it is believed that the difference between resolvabledecay constants scales with their magnitudes, which is not entirelyintuitive and is unlike resolution by means of optical detection. Theunderstanding of the maximum resolution and the dependence on resolutionon the signal-to-noise ratio will assist in assessing the performance ofthe fitting algorithm.

The methods of the invention can be compared to systems and devicesknown in the art, such TEG®, ROTEM®, or SONOCLOT®, or other device tomeasure a rheological change. Further the methods of the invention canbe used on a benchtop NMR relaxometer, benchtop time domain system, orNMR analyzer (e.g., ACT, Bruker, CEM Corporation, Exstrom Laboratories,Quantum Magnetics, GE Security division, Halliburton, HTS-111 MagneticSolutions, MR Resources, NanoMR, NMR Petrophysics, Oxford Instruments,Process NMR Associates, Qualion NMR Analyzers, SPINLOCK MagneticResonance Solutions, or Stelar, Resonance Systems).

The CPMG pulse sequence used to collect data with a T2reader is designedto detect the inherent T2 relaxation time of the sample. Typically, thisis dictated by one value, but for samples containing a complex mixtureof states (e.g., a sample undergoing a clotting process or dissolutionprocess), a distribution of T2 values can be observed. In thissituation, the signal obtained with a CPMG sequence is a sum ofexponentials. One solution for extracting relaxation information from aT2reader output is to fit a sum of exponentials in a least-squaresfashion. Practically, this requires a priori information on how manyfunctions to fit. A second solution is to use the Inverse Laplacetransform (ILT) to solve for a distribution of T2 values that make upthe exponential signal observed. Again, the results of the CPMG sequenceS(t), is assumed to be the sum of exponentials:

$\begin{matrix}{{{S(t)} = {\sum\limits_{i}{A_{i}^{{{- t}/T}\; 2_{i}}}}},} & (4)\end{matrix}$

where A_(i) is the amplitude corresponding to the relaxation timeconstant T2_(i). If, instead of a discrete sum of exponentials, thesignal is assumed to be a distribution of T2 values, the sum over statescan be represented b:

S(t)=∫₀ ^(∞) A(1/T2)e ^(−t/T2) d(1/T2)  (5)

This has the same functional form as the ILT:

F(t)=∫₀ ^(∞) A(s)e ^(−st) ds  (6),

and can be treated as such. The ILT of an exponential function requiresconstraints to solve. A few methods that can be used to imposeconstraints are CONTIN, finite mixture modeling (FMM), and neuralnetworks (NN). An inverse Laplace transform may also be used in thegeneration of a 3D data set. A 3D data set can be generated bycollecting a time series of T2 decay curves and applying an inverseLaplace transform to each decay curve to form a 3D data set.Alternatively, a 2D inverse Laplace transform can be applied to apre-assembled 3D data set to generate a transformed 3D data setdescribing the distribution of T2 times.

In a heterogeneous environment containing two phases, several differentexchange regimes may be operative. In such an environment having twowater populations (a and b), r_(a) and r_(b) correspond to therelaxation rates of water in the two populations; f_(a) and f_(b)correspond to the fraction of nuclei in each phase; τ_(a) and τ_(b)correspond to residence time in each phase; and a=(1/τ_(a))+(1/τ_(b))corresponds to the chemical exchange rate. The exchange regimes can bedesignated as: (1) slow exchange: if the two populations are static orexchanging slowly relative to the relaxation rates r_(a) and r_(b), thesignal contains two separate components, decaying with time constantsT₂, and T_(2b); (2) fast exchange: if the rate for water moleculesexchanging between the two environments is rapid compared to r_(a) andr_(b), the total population follows a single exponential decay with anaverage relaxation rate (r_(av)) given by the weighted sum of therelaxation rates of the separate populations; and (3) intermediateexchange: in the general case where there are two relaxation rates r₁and r₂ with r₁ equal to r_(a) in the slow exchange limit r_(a)<r_(b),Amp₁+Amp₂=1, and where r_(1,2) goes to the average relaxation rate inthe fast exchange limit, equations 7, 8, 9, and 10 may be applied:

$\begin{matrix}{r_{1} = {{( {1/2} )( {r_{a} + r_{b} + a} )} - {( {1/2} )\sqrt{( {r_{b} - r_{a} + a} )^{2} - {4{{af}_{b}( {r_{b} - r_{a}} )}}}}}} & (7) \\{r_{2} = {{( {1/2} )( {r_{a} + r_{b} + a} )} + {( {1/2} )\sqrt{( {r_{b} - r_{a} + a} )^{2} - {4{{af}_{b}( {r_{b} - r_{a}} )}}}}}} & (8) \\{{Amp}_{1} = \frac{r_{2} - r_{av}}{r_{2} - r_{1}}} & (9) \\{{Amp}_{2} = \frac{r_{av} - r_{1}}{r_{2} - r_{1}}} & (10)\end{matrix}$

The invention also features the use of a pulsed field gradient or afixed field gradient in the collection of relaxation rate data. Theinvention further features the use of the techniques ofdiffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) as described in Vidmar et al. (Vidmaret al., NMR Biomed. 23: 34-40 (2010)), which is herein incorporated byreference, or any methods used in porous media NMR (see, e.g., Bergmanet al., Phys. Rev. E 51: 3393-3400 (1995), which is herein incorporatedby reference).

Alternatively, when the methods of the invention are carried out usingthe measurement of the T2*, or free induction decay, rather than T2, therelaxation properties of a specific class of, for example, water protonsin the sample can be made using an off resonance radiation (i.e.,radiation that is not precisely at the Larmour precession frequency).The output can be in the form of the height of a single echo obtainedwith a T2 measuring pulse sequence rather than a complete echo train. Incontrast, normal T2 measurements utilize the declining height of anumber of echoes to determine T2. The T2* approach can include the stepsof shifting the frequency or strength of the applied magnetic field, andmeasuring the broadness of the water proton absorption peak, wherebroader peaks or energy absorption are correlated with higher values ofT2.

Paramagnetic Agents

The methods of the invention can be carried out in the presence of aparamagnetic agent (e.g., manganese, manganese complexes, gadolinium,gadolinium complexes, or superparamagnetic particles) added, e.g., tothe blood prior to initiating clotting. The paramagnetic agent can befree manganese, a manganese complex (e.g., the EDTA complex ofmanganese), free gadolinium, a gadolinium complex (e.g., the DTPA orDOTA complex of gadolinium), or a superparamagnetic particle. Theparamagnetic agent can be used to distinguish clotted from unclottedsamples at an earlier time point following the initiation of clotting(see FIG. 46).

The superparamagnetic particles that can be used in the methods of theinvention include those described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 7,564,245 andU.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003-0092029, each of which isincorporated herein by reference. The superparamagnetic particles aregenerally in the form of conjugates, that is, a superparamagneticparticle coated with moieties that minimize specific and non-specificbinding of the particles with constituents of the whole blood samplebeing measured. The particles have high relaxivity owing to thesuperparamagnetism of their iron, metal oxide, or other ferro orferrimagnetic nanomaterials. Iron, cobalt, and nickel compounds andtheir alloys, rare earth elements such as gadolinium, and certainintermetallics such as gold and vanadium are ferromagnets can be used toproduce superparamagnetic particles. The superparamagnetic particles canbe monodisperse (a single crystal of a magnetic material, e.g., metaloxide, such as superparamagnetic iron oxide, per superparamagneticparticle) or polydisperse (e.g., a plurality of crystals per magneticparticle). The magnetic metal oxide can also comprise cobalt, magnesium,zinc, or mixtures of these metals with iron. The superparamagneticparticles typically include metal oxide crystals of about 1-25 nm, e.g.,about 3-10 nm, or about 5 nm in diameter per crystal. Thesuperparamagnetic particles can also include a polymer component in theform of a core and/or coating, e.g., about 5 to 20 nm thick or more. Theoverall size of the superparamagnetic particles can be, e.g., from 20 to50 nm, from 50 to 200 nm, from 100 to 300 nm, from 250 to 500 nm, from400 to 600 nm, from 500 to 750 nm, from 700 to 1,200 nm, from 1,000 to1,500 nm, or from 1,500 to 2,000 nm. Superparamagnetic particle size canbe controlled by adjusting reaction conditions, for example, by usinglow temperature during the neutralization of iron salts with a base asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,262,176. Uniform particle size materialscan also be made by fractionating the particles using centrifugation,ultrafiltration, or gel filtration, as described, for example in U.S.Pat. No. 5,492,814. Superparamagnetic particles can also be synthesizedaccording to the method of Molday (Molday, R. S. and D. MacKenzie,“Immunospecific ferromagnetic iron-dextran reagents for the labeling andmagnetic separation of cells,” J. Immunol. Methods, 52:353 (1982)), andtreated with periodate to form aldehyde groups. The aldehyde-containingsuperparamagnetic particles can then be reacted with a diamine (e.g.,ethylene diamine or hexanediamine), which will form a Schiff base,followed by reduction with sodium borohydride or sodiumcyanoborohydride. The superparamagnetic particles can be formed from aferrofluid (i.e., a stable colloidal suspension of superparamagneticparticles). For example, the superparamagnetic particle can be acomposite of multiple metal oxide crystals of the order of a few tens ofnanometers in size and dispersed in a fluid containing a surfactant,which adsorbs onto the particles and stabilizes them, or byprecipitation, in a basic medium, of a solution of metal ions. Suitableferrofluids are sold by the company Liquids Research Ltd. under thereferences: WHKS1S9 (A, B or C), which is a water-based ferrofluidcomprising magnetite (Fe₃O₄), having particles 10 nm in diameter; WHJS1(A, B or C), which is an isoparaffin-based ferrofluid comprisingparticles of magnetite (Fe₃O₄) 10 nm in diameter; and BKS25 dextran,which is a water-based ferrofluid stabilized with dextran, comprisingparticles of magnetite (Fe₃O₄) 9 nm in diameter. Other suitableferrofluids for use in the systems and methods of the invention areoleic acid-stabilized ferrofluids available from Ademtech, which includeca. 70% weight α-Fe₂O₃ particles (ca. 10 nm in diameter), 15% weightoctane, and 15% weight oleic acid. The superparamagnetic particles aretypically a composite including multiple metal oxide crystals and anorganic matrix, and having a surface decorated with functional groups(i.e., amine groups or carboxy groups) for linking binding moieties tothe surface of the superparamagnetic particle. For example, thesuperparamagnetic particles useful in the methods of the inventioninclude those commercially available from Dynal, Seradyn, Kisker,Miltenyi Biotec, Chemicell, Anvil, Biopal, Estapor, Genovis, ThermoFisher Scientific, JSR micro, Invitrogen, and Ademtech, as well as thosedescribed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,101,435; 4,452,773; 5,204,457; 5,262,176;5,424,419; 6,165,378; 6,866,838; 7,001,589; and 7,217,457, each of whichis incorporated herein by reference.

For certain assays requiring high sensitivity, analyte detection usingT2 relaxation assays can require selecting a proper particle to enablesufficiently sensitive magnetic field-induced agglomeration. Highersensitivities can be achieved using particles that contain multiplesuperparamagnetic iron oxide cores (5-15 nm diameter) within a singlelarger polymer matrix or ferrofluid assembly (100 nm-1200 nm totaldiameter, such as particles having an average diameter of 100 nm, 200nm, 250 nm, 300 nm, 500 nm, 800 nm, or 1000 nm), or by using a highermagnetic moment materials or particles with higher density, and/orparticles with higher iron content. Without being limited by theory, itis postulated these types of particles provided a sensitivity gain ofover 100× due to a much higher number of iron atoms per particle, whichis believed to lead to an increase in sensitivity due to the decreasednumber of particles present in the assay solution and possibly a higheramount of superparamagnetic iron affected by each field-inducedagglomeration.

For certain assays it may be desirable to minimize field assistedagglomeration of the superparamagnetic particles by using particles thatare less than 40 nm is diameter in the assay.

Database of Signature Curves

In one embodiment, the invention features data processing tools totransform the raw relaxation NMR data into a format that providessignature curves characteristic of hemostatic conditions. Preferredtransforms include the Laplace or inverse Laplace transform (ILT). Thedata for each T2 measurement may be transformed from the time dimensionwhere signal intensity is plotted verses time to a “T2 relaxation”dimension. The ILT provides not only information about the differentrelaxation rates present in the sample and their relative magnitudes butalso reports on the breadth of distribution of those signals.

Each acquired T2 relaxation curve has a corresponding two dimensionalsignature that maps all of the different populations of water, ordifferent T2 relaxation environments, that water is experiencing in thesample. These curves can be compiled to form a 3D data set by stackingthe plots over the duration of the clotting time dimension. This can beused to generate a 3D surface that shows how the different populationsof water change as a function of time.

The T2 signatures may become clinically relevant in cases wherebyunderlying pathology is not discriminated by current techniques. Forexample, patients that have abnormal PT or aPTT values are often workedup with additional studies that includes PT, aPTT, or PT and aPTTanalysis using a 1:1 mixture of a patient blood with normal plasma (torule out a factor deficiency), and the results may point to a specificfactor or von Willebrand factor deficiency. However, frequently patientshaving a clotting factor deficiency have more than one deficiency orhave an unbalance or unchecked clotting cascade. In these patients, asingle test for one factor deficiency will not reveal the fulldysfunction and the clinician must rely on clinical symptomology(excessive bleeding or clotting) and, unfortunately, time may lead to adeleterious outcome. The ability to detect T2 signatures (for patientshaving normal or abnormal hemostatic conditions) will allow for rapidunderstanding of complex pathophysiological coagulation cascadeconditions and improve clinical outcomes.

The data gathered using the methods of the invention can be representedusing 3D plots generated from different NMR parameters. Additionaldimensions can be added by looking at specific patient types or clottingcurve types. Data reduction methods can be used to simplify the complexinformation that is available. Such techniques as principal componentanalyses (PCA), automated feature extraction methods, or other datahandling methods can be used. Ideally, a library of signatures, 2D, and3D plots can be generated for a wide variety of clinical conditions. Forexample, two dimensional (intensity versus T2 value or T2 value versustime) or three dimensional representations (intensity versus T2 valueversus time). The T2 values in the two- or three dimensionalrepresentation may be replaced with or compared to other NMR signalssuch as T1, T1/T2 hybrid, T_(1rho), T_(2rho) and T₂*.

In related embodiments, a clotting or dissolution process within asample is assessed by an NMR parameter extracted from one or more freeinduction decay (FID) signals obtained from the sample. For example, anNMR parameter can be extracted from the signal to noise ratio of an FID,from a comparison of an FID to a predetermined threshold, from theintegration of an FID, or from a ratio calculation using differentpoints of the FID. The NMR parameters obtained by the method can be usedto characterize a variety of clotting or dissolution processes. In aspecific example, values extracted from one or more FIDs of a bloodsample may be used to calculate blood clotting behaviors such asclotting time (R), fibrinolytic behavior, clot strength (MA), kineticbehavior of the clot, platelet-associated clot strength (MA_(PLATELET)),functional fibrinogen-associated clot strength (MA_(FF)), or percentlysis 30 minutes after MA (LY30). Likewise, data extracted from FID datacan be used to assemble a library of signature curves.

3D Data Plots

3D representations of the T2 data in a sample undergoing a clottingprocess or a dissolution process may be generated using the methods ofthe invention (e.g., the method described in Example 18). In certainembodiments, the dimensions of the generated 3D plots correspond to arelaxation time (e.g., T2 or 1/T2) dimension, an intensity or amplitudedimension, and a time dimension. The time dimension represents the timeover which the clotting process has proceeded or is proceeding. The 3Dplots obtained from a clotting blood sample exhibit a variety of 3Dsurface features that correspond with separate water populations indifferent physical and/or chemical environments within the sample. The3D plots and the data used to generate the 3D plots may be mined forindices or clotting behaviors associated with the blood sample (e.g.,the hematocrit, clot strength (MA), clotting time (R), plateletactivity, fibrinogen activity, fibrinolysis, etc.). The 3D plots or thedata used to generate the 3D data plots may also be used to discover newindices.

The information contained within the different 3D surface features andwater populations evident in the 3D plot may be associated withparticular indices and clotting behaviors. The 3D plots can be used togenerate qualitative, semiqualitative, and/or qualitative results for aspecific parameter or index. For example, the hematocrit of a bloodsample may be calculated from properties of the initial waterpopulation, the clotting time and fibrinolysis behaviors may becalculated from properties of the diverging water population having a T2time of 80-400 milliseconds, and the platelet activity and clot strengthmay be calculated from properties of the second diverging waterpopulation, which has a T2 time of 400-2200 milliseconds. A variety ofmethods can be used to extract the indices or clotting behaviors fromthe 3D data set. For example, the slope or curvature of a 3D surfacefeature of a 3D plot may be correlated with a clotting behavior. Across-section of a 3D plot may also be used to calculate a clottingbehavior. In particular, a cross-section showing T2 intensity as afunction of time for a particular T2 time may be useful in calculatingthe clotting time (R) and/or fibrinolysis. A cross-section of a 3D plotshowing T2 time as a function of intensity at a given time (a T2relaxation spectrum) depicts the various water populations present in asample at a given time. The features of a T2 relaxation spectrum can bemined for a range of clotting behaviors. For example, the differencebetween two signals in a T2 relaxation spectrum may be used to evaluateclot strength. The integration of a particular 3D surface feature, suchas the volume of a particular feature, or curve from a cross-section ofa 3D plot may also be useful in establishing a clotting behavior (e.g.clot strength). Clotting behaviors may also be extracted through theintegration of a range of T2 relaxation spectra collected at sequentialor disparate time points.

Alternatively, the 3D plots can be used to identify a featurecharacteristic of clot behavior. The feature can be one that is measuredwithout 3D analysis, such as via pulse sequence for selectivelymonitoring a water population having an average T2 relaxation rate ofabout 400 milliseconds or 1,000 milliseconds at a particular time postclot initiation. Optionally, the water population is measured exclusiveof other water populations in the sample.

The features of a T2 relaxation curve, including the range of T2 valuesassociated with a particular signal, may vary based on the instrument(e.g., a T2reader or a Bruker minispec) used to collect data. Likewise,the range of T2 values for a given sample may depend on the materialused to construct the tubes (e.g., plastic or glass) containing thesample during T2 measurements. The invention encompasses the use of anymagnetic resonance instrument and any sample container in the collectionof a 3D data set used in the analysis of a blood sample.

Management of Patients

The methods and the devices of the invention can be used to provide apoint-of-care evaluation of the hemostatic condition of a patient (e.g.,for coagulation management of patients undergoing surgery, to identifypatients at risk of thrombotic complications, to identify a patientresistant to antiplatelet therapy, to monitor anticoagulation therapy ina patient, to monitor antiplatelet therapy in a patient, and/or tomonitor procoagulant therapy in a patient).

There are medical circumstances for which a coagulation test isrequested including: 1) finding a cause for abnormal bleeding orbruising, 2) in patients with an autoimmune disease, 3) in patients withan underlying cardiovascular disorder, 4) before procedures or surgerieswhere too much bleeding may be a concern, 5) monitoring anti-coagulanttherapy, 6) monitoring peri-operative and trauma patients, and 7)identifying patients with sepsis or septic shock.

Coagulation management of patients undergoing cardiac surgery is complexbecause of a balance between anticoagulation for cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB) and hemostasis after CPB. Furthermore, an increasing number ofpatients have impaired platelet function at baseline due toadministration of antiplatelet drugs. During CPB, optimalanticoagulation dictates that coagulation is antagonized and plateletsare prevented from activation so that clots do not form. After surgery,coagulation abnormalities, platelet dysfunction, and fibrinolysis canoccur, creating a situation whereby hemostatic integrity must berestored. The complex process of anticoagulation with heparin,antagonism with protamine, and postoperative hemostasis therapy can beguided by the method and devices of the invention (a point of care test)that assess hemostatic function in a timely and accurate manner.

Problems associated with poor liver function (e.g., decreased synthesisand clearance of clotting factors and platelet defects) can lead toimpaired hemostasis and hyperfibrinolysis. Systemic complications, suchas sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation, further complicatea preexisting coagulopathy. Marked changes in hemostasis in orthotopicliver transplantation occur during the anhepatic phase and immediatelyafter organ reperfusion, mainly a hyperfibrinolysis resulting fromaccumulation of tissue plasminogen activator due to inadequate hepaticclearance and a release of exogenous heparin and endogenous heparin-likesubstances. Thus, patients undergoing hepatic surgery, and particularlyorthotopic liver transplantation, may have large derangement in theircoagulation, making the method and devices of the invention useful formonitoring this patient population.

The method and devices of the invention can be used to guide heparintherapy, among other anticoagulation therapies. For example, the methodsof the invention can be carried out with heparinase to assess thecoagulation status in the absence of the anticoagulatory effects ofheparin. Further, the methods of the invention can be utilized to assessprotamine therapy, i.e. to monitor coagulation after protamine therapyand to treat a heparin or protamine induced hemostatic condition.Similarly, analysis could be done pre- and post surgery to determine theanticoagulant or hemostatic status of a surgical patient.

The method and devices of the invention can also be used to guideantiplatelet therapies and identify resistance to antiplatelettherapies. Antiplatelet therapy is increasingly being prescribed forprimary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease to decreasethe incidence of acute cerebro- and cardiovascular events. Antiplateletdrugs typically target to inhibit cyclooxygenase 1/thromboxaneA2receptors (e.g., aspirin), adenosine diphosphate receptors (e.g.,clopidogrel), or GPIIb/IIIa receptors (e.g., abciximab, tirofiban).Although antiplatelet drugs are thought to work primarily by decreasingplatelet aggregation, they also have been shown to function asanticoagulants. Because platelets play a key role in overallcoagulation, the assessment of the platelet function (more than theirnumber) is critical in the perioperative setting.

The method and devices of the invention can also be used to monitorand/or guide anticoagulant therapies. Anticoagulant therapies (e.g.,rivaroxaban, dabigatran, among others) can be monitored for efficacy andcompliance, and to ensure avoidance of adverse side effects and/oradverse events (e.g., bleeding events). Dosing adjustments for suchtherapies have been reported to control bleeding in large, randomizedstudies. Specifically, dosing of anticoagulants, including direct FactorXa inhibitors can be used to assist maintenance of a therapeutic windowand lead to a reduction of risk of stroke in atrial fibrillation anddeep vein thrombosis in patients.

The method and devices of the invention can be used to identify patientsresistant to anticoagulant therapy. Anticoagulant therapies includeaspirin, plavix, and prasugrel, among other anticoagulants. The methodincludes (i) administering the anticoagulation therapy to the subject;(ii) evaluating the hemostatic condition of the subject using a methodof the invention; and (iii) if the subject is found to be prothrombotic,identifying the subject as a non-responder to the anticoagulationtherapy. The identification of non-responders can permit a physician toidentify a safe and efficacious anticoagulant to which the patient isresponsive, thereby reducing the risk of adverse events (i.e., thrombiformation and stroke).

The method and devices of the invention can be used to monitorprocoagulant therapy. The modern practice of coagulation management isbased on the concept of specific component therapy and requires rapiddiagnosis and monitoring of the pro-coagulant therapy. It has beenshown, for example, that platelet transfusion in the perioperativeperiod of coronary artery bypass graft surgery is associated withincreased risk for serious adverse events. Clinical judgment alone maynot predict who will benefit from a platelet transfusion in the acuteperioperative setting. Accordingly, the transfusion of coagulationproducts should be preferably guided by a point of care test, such asthe test provided by the method and devices of the invention.

The method and the devices of the invention can be used to provide acompanion diagnostic analysis or test to monitor the effects of atherapeutic compound in a clinical trial or in medical use. Thediagnostic analysis may include determining whether or not the subjectof the trial or the patient responds to therapy or does not respond totherapy.

The method and the devices of the invention can be used to determine theperfusion through clots, hypercoagulation, hyperclotting, or clottingthat is deleterious in a human, as in stroke or cardiac arrest.

The method and the devices of the invention can be used as part of apanel of analyses. The panel can include (i) an immunoassay to proteinsthat are involved in the coagulation cascade; (ii) an immunoassay todetect fibrin degradation products; (iii) an immune assay to detectantiphospholipid antibodies; (iv) an assay to detect heparin or warfarinor other anticoagulant to assess therapeutic concentration; (v) a PT oraPTT or PTT assay that monitors the plasma prothrombin time; (vi) agenetic test to assess the polymorphic differences in genes encodingproteins that are relevant to (a) the formation or dissolution ofthrombin, (b) the coagulation cascade, (c) heparin binding, or (d)therapeutic activity.

The methods and the devices of the invention can be used to managemedical devices with implications towards coagulopathies. An example isa ventricle assist device often used as a bridge for patients awaiting aheart transplant. Patients with such an implant may have clot formationwithin and outside of the device as a result of the function of thedevice, and these clots may cause a stroke or another thrombus relatedevent. It may also lead towards infections and bleeding events. A way toavoid these issues is to monitor multiple diagnostic markers that impactthe success of the device. For instance, routine testing of PT-INR wouldallow tighter monitoring of the patients coagulation state, thus,providing tight control of bleeding and clotting events.

The INR is the ratio of a patient's prothrombin time to a normal(control) sample, raised to the power of the International SensitivityIndex value for the analytical system used. A high INR level (e.g.,INR=5) indicates that there is a high chance of bleeding, whereas if theINR=0.5 then there is a high chance of having a clot. Normal INR rangefor a healthy person is 0.9-1.3. For people on warfarin therapy the INRrange is typically 2.0-3.0. The target INR may be higher in particularsituations, such as for those with a mechanical heart valve, or bridgingwarfarin with a low-molecular weight heparin (such as enoxaparin(Lovenox)) perioperatively.

Monitoring platelet function, fibrinolysis, clot strength and otherfactors are equally important in improving outcomes. Understanding thephysiologic concentration or activities of these factors are importantnot just for their interplay with the device, but because they aremodulated by the many different therapies often prescribed to patientson these devices (aspirin, rivaroxaban, plavix, warfarin, among others).Another measure that is used with these types of devices is hematocrit,which is often used to adjust the functioning of the device (speed,intensity, etc.) to maintain the function of the heart. The methods andthe devices of the invention can provide all of these results(hematocrit, platelet, PT, PT-INR, etc.), potentially simultaneously,and it may provide additional information with respect to clot formationand dissolution. The standard measures above may be combined into anindex or signature that identifies the status of the patient andefficacy of the device.

The methods and the devices of the invention can be utilized andconfigured in multiple ways. They can be used as a laboratory device,point-of-care system, or even an implantable monitoring system. Forexample, as an implantable monitoring system, the sample can consist ofcontinually monitored blood; a vacutainer with whole blood, serum, orplasma; or a finger stick, among other sample fluids.

For example, the methods and the devices of the invention can beutilized for monitoring peri-operative and trauma patients (e.g.,providing measures or surrogate measures for PT/INR, aPTT, ACT, Hct,platelet activity, and fibrinolysis). There is a need with these patientpopulations to quickly and efficiently determine if a transfusion isneeded as the patients can exhibit an approximately 6-fold increase inmortality, ischemic events, infection, early onset of complications, andincreased ICU/hospital stays. Specifically, determination of the rootcause of bleeding events (coagulation cascade vs. platelet activation)can lead to prompt and focused therapy.

Regardless of the context in which the methods and the devices of theinvention are utilized, that the methods of the invention can be used torapidly measure small volumes is particularly important for plateletfunction, which previously were difficult to measure using other systemsdue to the initiation of clotting at the site of the blood draw.

The Clotting Mechanism

For clotting to occur there must be activation of coagulation cascadeculminating in fibrin deposition through the action of thrombin onfibrinogen. The coagulation system is composed of a proteolytic cascadethat amplifies an initial stimulus with an elegant feedback regulationmechanism to keep the overall process in check and balance. There aretwo interconnected routes of clotting activation: (i) contact activation(intrinsic pathway); and (ii) tissue factor activation (extrinsicpathway). Both pathways rely on a variety of coagulation factors.Prothrombin is coagulation factor II, thrombin is coagulation factorIIa, fibrinogen is coagulation factor I, and fibrin is coagulationfactor Ia. In addition to the coagulation factors, platelets arecritical both for the induction and formation of an adequate blood clot.Platelets act as a phospholipid surface upon which prothrombinasecomplexes are formed and act as a physical scaffold for the developingclot.

The intrinsic coagulation cascade pathway is normally activated bycontact with collagen from damaged blood vessels, but many negativelycharged surfaces can stimulate this pathway. The intrinsic pathwaynormally requires platelet activation in order to assemble a tenasecomplex involving factors VIIIa, IXa, and X. The activation process islinked to the inositol triphosphate (IP3) pathway and involvesdegranulation and myosin 1c kinase activation in order to change theplatelet shape to ultimately allow adherence.

Clotting may alternatively be activated via the extrinsic coagulationcascade pathway which requires a tissue factor from the surface ofextravascular cells. The extrinsic pathway involves complex formation ofcoagulation factors V, VII, and X. The chief inducer of coagulation invivo is Tissue Factor (TF), a 47 kDa glycoprotein. The only cellscapable of expressing TF in the bloodstream are endothelial cells andmonocytes. By contrast, many cells outside the bloodstream, includingadventitial fibroblasts, constitutively express TF and thus form an“extravascular envelope” capable of initiating coagulation in the eventof a disruption in vascular integrity.

The final stages of the cascade are common to both pathways whichinvolves a tenase complex, the activating complex. Tenase is acontraction of “ten” and the suffix “-ase”, signifying that the complexactivates its substrate (inactive factor X) by cleaving it. Intrinsictenase complex contains the active factor IX (IXa), its cofactor factorVIII (VIIIa), the substrate (factor X), and they are activated bynegatively charged surfaces (such as glass, active platelet membrane,sometimes cell membrane of monocytes). Extrinsic tenase complex is madeup of tissue factor, factor VII, the substrate (factor X) and Ca²⁺ as anactivating ion.

Activation of factor X, to factor Xa, through either the extrinsic orthe intrinsic pathway, leads to the proteolytic conversion ofprothrombin to thrombin which, in turn, activates the initiation of theformation of a clot. Factor VIII then catalyzes a transglutaminasereaction to crosslink the fibrin monomers to form a crosslinked network.

The crosslinked fibrin multimers in a clot are broken down to solublepolypeptides by plasmin, a serine protease. Plasmin can be generatedfrom its inactive precursor plasminogen and recruited to the site of afibrin clot in two ways, by interaction with tissue plasminogenactivator at the surface of a fibrin clot, and by interaction withurokinase plasminogen activator at a cell surface. The first mechanismappears to be the major one responsible for the dissolution of clotswithin blood vessels. The second, although capable of mediating clotdissolution, may normally play a major role in tissue remodeling, cellmigration, and inflammation.

Clot dissolution is regulated in two ways. First, efficient plasminactivation and fibrinolysis occur only in complexes formed at the clotsurface or on a cell membrane; proteins free in the blood areinefficient catalysts and are rapidly inactivated. Second, bothplasminogen activators and plasmin itself are inactivated by specificserpins, proteins that bind to serine proteases to form stable,enzymatically inactive complexes. Pharmacologically, the clot bustertissue plasminogen activator (TPA) and streptokinase or urokinase areused to activate this internal fibrinolytic mechanism.

Medical Conditions

The methods and the device of the invention as herein described may beused for the detection of rheological changes of various liquids, inparticular blood samples, for the diagnosis of coagulation, thromboticdisorders, and thrombotic disorders as a result of disease, e.g., sepsisand disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), Hemophilia A,Hemophilia B, Hemophilia C, Congenital deficiency of other clottingfactors Factor XIII deficiency, Von Willebrand's disease, hemorrhagicdisorder due to intrinsic anticoagulants, defibrination syndrome,acquired coagulation factor deficiency, coagulation defects, other,purpura and other hemorrhagic conditions, allergic purpura,Henoch-Schönlein purpura, thrombocytopenia, immune thrombocytopenicpurpura, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, secondarythrombocytopenia, and non-specific hemorrhagic conditions.

The cardiovascular system requires tightly regulated hemostasis.Excessive clotting may cause venous or arterial obstructions, whilefailure to clot may cause excessive bleeding; both conditions lead todeleterious clinical situations. In most human subjects, the clottingbalance is more or less static. However, there are many differentclinical parameters (such as hereditary disorders, disease states,therapeutic drugs, or pharmacological stressors) that can alterhemostasis and lead to cardiovascular malfunction.

There are many different known coagulation disorders that are a resultof non-functional clotting factors, such as hemophilia (factors VIII(hemophilia A), IX (hemophilia B), XI (hemophilia C)), Alexander disease(factor VII deficiency), prothrombin deficiency (factor II deficiency),Owren's disease (factor V deficiency), Stuart-Prower deficiency (factorX deficiency), Hageman factor deficiency (factor XII deficiency),fibrinogen deficiency (factor I deficiency), and von Willebrand'sdiseases.

The activation of the coagulation cascades appears to be an essentialcomponent in the development of multi-organ failure that occurs inend-stage sepsis. Current therapies for sepsis specifically target thesecascades for modulation of the progression of the end stages and toprevent organ failure.

The methods and devices of the invention may be used to determine thehematocrit of a blood sample. The hematocrit is a measure of the percentvolume occupied by red blood cells in a subject's blood, with normalvalues for healthy women and men being approximately 36-44% and 41-50%,respectively. The hematocrit depends on both the number of red bloodcells in a sample and the size of the red blood cells. The measurementof hematocrit may be useful in establishing a variety of physiologicalconditions in a subject. Thus, the methods of the invention may be usedin the diagnosis of any condition associated with a lower than normalhematocrit or a higher than normal hematocrit. A lower than normalhematocrit may be indicative of anemia, sickle cell anemia, internalbleeding, loss of red blood cells, malnutrition, nutritionaldeficiencies (e.g., iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiencies), or overhydration. A higher than normal hematocrit may be indicative ofcongenital heart disease, dehydration, erythrocytosis, pulmonaryfibrosis, polycythemia rubra vera, or abuse of the drug erythropoietin.

The methods of the invention can be used to monitor factors and relatedcoagulopathies associated with disease, disorder or dysfunction such ascancer, autoimmune disorders, lupus erythematosus, Crohn's disease,multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, deep vein or arterialthrombosis, obesity, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's disease,diabetes, cardiovascular disease, congestive heart failure, myocardialinfarction, coronary artery disease, endocarditis, stroke, emboli,pneumonia, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, chronicobstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, infections, transplantrecipients, liver disease, hepatitis, pancreas disease and disorders,renal disease and disorders, endocrine disease and disorders, obesity,diseases or disorders associated with thrombocytopenia, and medical(stents, implants, major surgery, joint replacements, pregnancy) ortherapeutic (cancer chemotherapy) induced coagulopathy/ies, and riskfactors such as heavy smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, sedentarylifestyle. The methods of the invention may also be used to evaluategenomic and proteomic changes that affect coagulation and bloodproperties.

The methods of the invention can also be used to monitor patients beingundergoing anti-coagulant and/or anti-platelet therapy. Examples ofanti-thrombotics (e.g., thrombolytics, anticoagulants, and antiplateletdrugs) that can be monitored using the methods of the invention include,without limitation, vitamin K antagonists such as acenocoumarol,clorindione, dicumarol, diphenadione, ethyl biscoumacetate,phenprocoumon, phenindione, tioclomarol, and warfarin; heparin group(platelet aggregation inhibitors) such as antithrombin III, bemiparin,dalteparin, danaparoid, enoxaparin, heparin, nadroparin, parnaparin,reviparin, sulodexide, and tinzaparin; other platelet aggregationinhibitors such as abciximab, acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), aloxiprin,beraprost, ditazole, carbasalate calcium, cloricromen, clopidogrel,dipyridamole, epoprostenol, eptifibatide, indobufen, iloprost,picotamide, prasugrel, ticlopidine, tirofiban, treprostinil, andtriflusal; enzymes such as alteplase, ancrod, anistreplase, brinase,drotrecogin alfa, fibrinolysin, procein C, reteplase, saruplase,streptokinase, tenecteplase, and urokinase; direct thrombin inhibitorssuch as argatroban, bivalirudin, desirudin, lepirudin, melagatran, andximelagatran; other antithrombotics such as dabigatran, defibrotide,dermatan sulfate, fondaparinux, and rivaroxaban; and others such ascitrate, EDTA, and oxalate.

Sepsis and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

The methods and devices of the invention can be used to assess thehemostatic condition of subjects suffering from sepsis or disseminatedintravascular coagulation.

In sepsis, an overwhelming inflammatory response causes extensivecollateral damage to the host's microcirculation. Damage to theendothelium exposes tissue factor and in sepsis, which may occur on alarge scale. Tissue factor, in turn, binds to activated factor VII. Theresulting complex activates factors IX and X. Factor X convertsprothrombin into thrombin, which cleaves fibrinogen into fibrin,inducing the formation of a blood clot. At the same time, thefibrinolytic system is inhibited. Cytokines and thrombin stimulate therelease of plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) from platelets andthe endothelium. When a clot forms in the human body, it is ultimatelybroken down by plasmin, which is activated by tissue plasminogenactivator (TPA). PAI-1 inhibits TPA. Consequently, subjects sufferingfrom severe sepsis are treated with an anticoagulant such as protein C(blood coagulant factor XIV).

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a complex systemicthrombohemorrhagic disorder involving the generation of intravascularfibrin and the consumption of procoagulants and platelets. The resultantclinical condition is characterized by intravascular coagulation andhemorrhage. DIC is not an illness on its own but rather a complicationor an effect of progression of other illnesses and is estimated to bepresent in up to 1% of hospitalized patients. DIC is always secondary toan underlying disorder and is associated with a number of clinicalconditions, generally involving activation of systemic inflammation. DIChas several consistent components including activation of intravascularcoagulation, depletion of clotting factors, and end-organ damage. DIC ismost commonly observed in severe sepsis and septic shock. Indeed, thedevelopment and severity of DIC correlates with mortality in severesepsis. Although bacteremia, including both gram-positive andgram-negative organisms, is most commonly associated with DIC, otherinfections including viral, fungal, and parasitic infections may causeDIC. Trauma, especially neurotrauma, is also frequently associated withDIC. DIC is more frequently observed in those patients with trauma whodevelop the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Evidence indicatesthat inflammatory cytokines play a central role in DIC in both traumapatients and septic patients. In fact, systemic cytokine profiles inboth septic patients and trauma patients are nearly identical.

DIC exists in both acute and chronic forms. DIC develops acutely whensudden exposure of blood to procoagulants occurs, including tissuefactor (tissue thromboplastin), generating intravascular coagulation.Compensatory hemostatic mechanisms are quickly overwhelmed, and, as aconsequence, a severe consumptive coagulopathy leading to hemorrhagedevelops. Abnormalities of blood coagulation parameters are readilyidentified, and organ failure frequently occurs in acute DIC. Incontrast, chronic DIC reflects a compensated state that develops whenblood is continuously or intermittently exposed to small amounts oftissue factor. In chronic DIC, compensatory mechanisms in the liver andbone marrow are not overwhelmed, and there may be little obviousclinical or laboratory indication of the presence of DIC. Chronic DIC ismore frequently observed in solid tumors and in large aortic aneurysms.

Exposure to tissue factor in the circulation occurs via endothelialdisruption, tissue damage, or inflammatory or tumor cell expression ofprocoagulant molecules, including tissue factor. Tissue factor activatescoagulation by the extrinsic pathway involving factor VIIa. Factor VIIahas been implicated as the central mediator of intravascular coagulationin sepsis. Blocking the factor VIIa pathway in sepsis has been shown toprevent the development of DIC, whereas interrupting alternativepathways did not demonstrate any effect on clotting. The tissuefactor-VIIa complex then serves to activate thrombin, which, in turn,cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin while simultaneously causing plateletaggregation. Evidence suggests that the intrinsic (or contact) pathwayis also activated in DIC, while contributing more to hemodynamicinstability and hypotension than to activation of clotting.

Decreased levels of antithrombin correlate with elevated mortality inpatients with sepsis. Thrombin generation is usually tightly regulatedby multiple hemostatic mechanisms. Antithrombin function is one suchmechanism responsible for regulating thrombin levels. However, due tomultiple factors, antithrombin activity is reduced in patients withsepsis. First, antithrombin is continuously consumed by ongoingactivation of coagulation. Moreover, elastase produced by activatedneutrophils degrades antithrombin as well as other proteins. Furtherantithrombin is lost to capillary leakage. Lastly, production ofantithrombin is impaired secondary to liver damage resulting fromunder-perfusion and microvascular coagulation.

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) depletion is evidence in subjectswith DIC. TFPI inhibits the tissue factor-VIIa complex. Although levelsof TFPI are normal in patients with sepsis, a relative insufficiency inDIC is evident. TFPI depletion in animal models predisposes them to DIC,and TFPI blocks the procoagulant effect of endotoxin in humans. Theintravascular fibrin produced by thrombin is normally eliminated via aprocess termed fibrinolysis. The initial response to inflammationappears to be augmentation of fibrinolytic action; however, thisresponse soon reverses as inhibitors of fibrinolysis are released. Highlevels of PAI-1 precede DIC and predict poor clinical outcomes.Fibrinolysis cannot keep pace with increased fibrin formation,eventually resulting in under-opposed fibrin deposition in thevasculature.

Protein C, along with protein S, serves in important anticoagulantcompensatory mechanisms. Under normal conditions, protein C is activatedby thrombin and is complexed on the endothelial cell surface withthrombomodulin. Activated protein C combats coagulation via proteolyticcleavage of factors Va and VIIIa. However, cytokines (e.g., tumornecrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 (IL-1)) produced in sepsisand other generalized inflammatory states largely incapacitate theprotein C pathway. Inflammatory cytokines down-regulate the expressionof thrombomodulin on the endothelial cell surface. Protein C levels arefurther reduced via consumption, extravascular leakage, reduced hepaticproduction, and by a reduction in freely circulating protein S.

Inflammatory and coagulation pathways interact in substantial ways. Manyof the activated coagulation factors produced in DIC contribute to thepropagation of inflammation by stimulating endothelial cell release ofproinflammatory cytokines. Factor Xa, thrombin, and the tissuefactor-VIIa complex have each been demonstrated to elicitproinflammatory action. Furthermore, given the anti-inflammatory actionof activated protein C, its impairment in DIC contributes to furtherdysregulation of inflammation.

Components of DIC include: exposure of blood to procoagulant substances;fibrin deposition in the microvasculature; impaired fibrinolysis;depletion of coagulation factors and platelets (consumptivecoagulopathy); organ damage and failure. DIC may occur in 30-50% ofpatients with sepsis.

The methods and devices of the invention may find use in monitoringsubjects with a variety of DIC-associated conditions such as:sepsis/severe infection; trauma (neurotrauma); organ destruction;malignancy (solid and myeloproliferative malignancies); severetransfusion reactions; rheumatologic illness; obstetric complications(amniotic fluid embolism, abruptio placentae, hemolysis, retained deadfetus syndrome); vacular abnormalities (Kasabach-Merritt syndrome,aneurysms); hepatic failure; toxic reactions, transfusion reactions, andtransplant rejections. Similarly, the invention may be used with respectto subjects having hemostatic conditions characterized by acute DICassociated with bacterial infections (e.g., gram-negative sepsis,gram-positive infections, or rickettsial), viral infections (e.g.,associated with HIV, cytomegalovirus, varicella, or hepatitis), fungalinfections, parasitic infection (e.g., malaria), malignancy (e.g., acutemyelocytic leukemias), obstetric conditions (e.g., eclampsia placentalabruption or amniotic fluid embolism), trauma, burns, transfusion,hemolytic reactions, or transplant rejection.

The NMR-based methods of the invention may be use to monitor any and allof the blood-related conditions described above. Time-domainrelaxometry, particularly T2 relaxation measurements, can be used tomeasure a change in the clotting state of a sample. This measurementrelies on measuring NMR parameters of the hydrogen nuclei that aresensitive to changes in the macroscopic clotting state of the sample.Most of the hydrogen nuclei are in the bulk water solvent, but anappreciable fraction of them are in the biological macromolecules andcells and platelets in the sample. As such, the measurement of theaverage NMR signal from all hydrogen nuclei can be conducted such thatthe signal changes in an appreciable manner when the clotting state ofthe sample changes for any of the clinical reasons described above. TheNMR measurement can be a T2 relaxation measurement, or an “effective” T2relaxation measurement (e.g., a T2 relaxation measurement where theparameters of the signal acquisition are such that they are set foroptimal readout of the clotting event and not for the most accuratemeasurement of a T2 relaxation value). Other “time domain” relaxationmeasurement methods can be applied to measure changes in clottingbehaviors. These may include time-domain free-induction decay analysesamongst other measurements. Any of the NMR time domain measurementsdescribed herein can be acquired in a repeated fashion to get a dynamicread-out of the NMR signal over the course of time as the clotting ordissolution properties of the sample change.

Subjects Having Normal and Abnormal Hemostatic Profiles

The methods of the invention can be used to discriminate betweensubjects having normal and abnormal hemostatic profiles. For example,the NMR relaxation parameter value and/or T2 signature characteristic ofnormal and abnormal hemostatic profiles can be determined and used inthe differential diagnosis of a subject. Abnormal hemostatic profilescan include profiles for subjects sharing a common deficiency in one ormore clotting factors, clotting cofactors, and/or regulatory proteins(e.g., factor XII, factor XI, factor IX, factor VII, factor X, factorII, factor VIII, factor V, factor III (tissue factor), fibrinogen,factor I, factor XIII, von Willebrand factor, protein C, protein S,thrombomodulin, and antithrombin III, among others).

A deficiency in antithrombin is seen in approximately 2% of patientswith venous thromboembolic disease. Inheritance occurs as an autosomaldominant trait. The prevalence of symptomatic antithrombin deficiencyranges from 1 per 2000 to 1 per 5000 in the general population.Deficiencies results from mutations that affect synthesis or stabilityof antithrombin or from mutations that affect the protease and/orheparin binding sites of antithrombin. The methods of the invention canbe used to discriminate between normal subjects and subjects having adeficiency in antithrombin.

A deficiency in factor XI confers an injury-related bleeding tendency.This deficiency was identified in 1953 and originally termed hemophiliaC. Factor XI deficiency is very common in Ashkenazic Jews and isinherited as an autosomal disorder with either homozygosity or compoundheterozygosity. The methods of the invention can be used to discriminatebetween normal subjects and subjects having a deficiency in factor XI.

von Willebrand disease (vWD) is due to inherited deficiency in vonWillebrand factor (vWF). vWD is the most common inherited bleedingdisorder of humans. Deficiency of vWF results in defective plateletadhesion and causes a secondary deficiency in factor VIII. The result isthat vWF deficiency can cause bleeding that appears similar to thatcaused by platelet dysfunction or hemophilia. vWD is an extremelyheterogeneous disorder that has been classified into several majorsubtypes. Type I vWD is the most common and is inherited as an autosomaldominant trait. This variant is due to simple quantitative deficiency ofall vWF multimers. Type 2 vWD is also subdivided further dependent uponwhether the dysfunctional protein has decreased or paradoxicallyincreased function in certain laboratory tests of binding to platelets.Type 3 vWD is clinically severe and is characterized by recessiveinheritance and virtual absence of vWF. The methods of the invention canbe used to discriminate between normal subjects and subjects having adeficiency in von Willebrand factor.

Several cardiovascular risk factors are associated with abnormalities infibrinogen. Elevated plasma fibrinogen levels have been observed inpatients with coronary artery disease, diabetes, hypertension,peripheral artery disease, hyperlipoproteinemia andhypertriglyceridemia. In addition, pregnancy, menopause,hypercholesterolemia, use of oral contraceptives and smoking lead toincreased plasma fibrinogen levels. There are inherited disorders infibrinogen, including afibrinogenemia (a complete lack of fibrinogen),hypofibrinogenemia (reduced levels of fibrinogen) and dysfibrinogenemia(presence of dysfunctional fibrinogen). Afibrinogenemia is characterizedby neonatal umbilical cord hemorrhage, ecchymoses, mucosal hemorrhage,internal hemorrhage, and recurrent abortion. The disorder is inheritedin an autosomal recessive manner. Hypofibrinogenemia is characterized byfibrinogen levels below 100 mg/dL (normal is 250-350 mg/dL) and can beeither acquired or inherited. The methods of the invention can be usedto discriminate between normal subjects and subjects havingabnormalities in fibrinogen.

Platelet Monitoring

The methods and device of the invention can be used to determineplatelet function and be compared to platelet aggregometry (see, e.g.,Harris et al., Thrombosis Research 120:323 (2007)). Currently there aretwo detection methods used in instruments with FDA clearance forperforming platelet aggregometry: optical and impedance measurements.For example, the methods of the invention can be used to identify anyplatelet activity or diagnose any platelet dysfunction in a subject thatmay be measured by platelet aggregometry. Platelet aggregometry is afunctional test performed on a whole blood or platelet-rich plasmasample. Generally, platelet aggregometry methods involve adding aplatelet activator to the sample and measuring the induced plateletaggregation. Platelet aggregometry can be performed by immersing anelectrode in the blood sample being tested. Platelets adhering to theprobe form a stable monolayer. When an activator is added, plateletaggregates form on the electrode and increase the resistance to acurrent being applied across the electrode. The instrument monitors thechange in electrical impedance, which reflects the platelet aggregationresponse. Aggregometry methods also include techniques based onmonitoring the release of ATP from aggregating platelets byluminescence. Optical detection of platelet aggregation is based on theobservation that, as platelets aggregate into large clumps, there is anincrease in light transmittance. Different aggregation-inducing agentsstimulate different pathways of activation and different patterns ofaggregation are observed. The main drawback of the optical method isthat it is typically performed on PRP, necessitating the separation ofplatelets from red blood cells and adjustment of the platelet count to astandardized value.

As in platelet aggregometry, the methods of the invention may be usedassess the platelet count from a blood sample of a subject or todiagnose a condition of thrombocytopenia (platelet count <150,000/μL) orthrombocytosis (platelet count >400,000/μL) in a subject. Such adiagnosis may be used as the basis of a decision to provide the subjectwith a platelet transfusion or an anticoagulant. Similarly, the methodsof the invention may be used to evaluate the response of a subject to aplatelet transfusion or an anticoagulant.

The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinaryskill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how themethods and compounds claimed herein are performed, made, and evaluated,and are intended to be purely exemplary of the invention and are notintended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as theirinvention.

Other Uses

The NMR-based methods of the invention described herein may be used in avariety of applications where a substance or mixture of substances isundergoing or has undergone a clotting process or a dissolution process.The methods of the invention may be used to obtain information onchanges within a material undergoing a process or on the state of amaterial which has already undergone a process.

In the field of petroleum products, the methods of the invention may beused to monitor asphalt/bitumen, bitumen-polymer manufacture, boiler,crude oil, coal ash, coal slurry, cracking, distillation residues,engineering, fluxed bitumen, high viscosity oil, furnace oils,lubricant, mixing fuel oils, oil additives, oil clarificator, blendingoils, oils counters (pipeline terminal), oils wear control, plastisols,mineral oils, petroleum additives manufacture, petroleum products, pipeline counters, pitch coating, pitch dilution, pumping of Erika disaster,quench oil, residues transformation in fuel oils, separation of water,sediment and oils, special oils, synthetic rubber, tar control beforeuse, very heavy oil, and water-coal slurries.

In the field of coatings and paint, the methods of the invention may beused to monitor car paint, metallic paint, water paint, special ink forscraping game, special ink for aluminum or plastic surfaces, water ink,PTFE coating, white paper coating, special paper coating, wall paper,glue, varnish, car varnish, special paint for engines, manufacture ofink, photogravure, dye, print board varnish, magnetic ink, magneticvarnish, gloss paint, silvering for mirrors, special varnish forspectacles, and enamel powder.

In the field of food and beverages, the methods of the invention may beused to monitor bechamel sauce manufacture, bread manufacture, chocolatemanufacture, dough control, fermentation control, fish solubles(evaporation control), fresh cheese manufacture, gelatin foodconcentration, ice creams manufacture, jam manufacture, margarinemanufacture, mayonnaise manufacture, melted cheese manufacture, milk andcheese research, paraffin coating control, proteins concentrationcontrol, proteins for animal food, seaweed gelatin, slop control, stewedfruit, sugar boilers (crystallization control), sugar mixer, surimipaste, synthetic flavors, tomato sauce, vegetable margarine and oil,yeasts, yogurt, beer/yeast Control, dough in a bakery, food additives,gelatins (proteins concentration), milk atomization, yogurt, processedcheese, sweetened juice, salad sauce, food thickener, food additives,enzymes concentration control, freezing fluid control artificial foodflavor, tobacco liquor, residual sugar liquor, industrial soups,pudding, milk powder, pet food, livestock food, baby food, evaporatedmilk, starch gel, fruit paste, and fruit juice.

In the field of industrial chemistry, the methods of the invention maybe used to monitor basic resins for paints manufacture, polymer,polymer-bitumen manufacture, polymerization control, polycarbonate, PVCProduction, two components resins, fibers and polymers, cable resin,epoxy resin, polyamide resins, chloral methyl resins, PVC, carboxylmethyl cellulose, hydrochloric acid, urethane glue, toluenediisocyanate, MEK toluene, plastic recycling, silicone oils, paste,glue, PBU, ethanol toluol, polycarbonate, polyester resins manufacture,polyether polyol control, polyisobutylene, polymer resins manufacture,polymerised vinyl+toluene, polymerization industry, resinspolymerization silicones oils, unsaturated polyester resin, urea-formolresin, glue, polyamide resin, nylon, polypropylene resin, polyethylene,epoxy resin, polyephine wax, dimethyl acetate, phenolic resin, plaster,melamine, and methyl methacrylate.

The methods of the invention may also be used to monitor biochemicalproducts, cellulose acetates, fabric softener, enzymes, gel coatings,pharmaceutical capsules, aerosols, chemicals manufacturing (washingbases), cosmetics manufacture and control, creams, engineering incosmetics machines, fermentation control, glasses for spectacles,pharmaceuticals, photographic emulsions, shampoo manufacture, toothpaste, UV sensitive varnishes, viscosity control in emulsion, vitamin A,photographic emulsions, videotapes, gels, emulsions, delicate chemistry,fluorescent paste for lighting, hydraulic oils, latex atomization, UVglue, hot melt glue, drilling mud, plastisols, acid concentration,mercury, accumulator acid, detergent, ceramic, slurries, glue, adhesivepolymer, calcium carbonate, acrylic glue, lime milk, ammonia+MCB+oil,high viscosity combustible fuels, crude oil counting, mixing of twooils, lubricant oils, animal fat boiler, fuel oil, wastewaterconcentration, mud concentration, yeast sludge, oil contamination,solvent contamination, distressing control of oil, quench oil, cuttingoil, and processes involving a setting tower.

The methods and the devices of the invention can be used as a leadcompound and compound validation discovery tool. The methods and devicesof the invention can identify variations in the coagulation cascade as afunction of intervention in the cascade by one or more candidatecompounds, or identify variations outside the coagulation cascade (e.g.,platelet morphology) in response to candidate compounds. The methods anddevices of the invention can be used to screen compound libraries toidentify active agents, as well as pinpoint new mechanisms for diseaseand treatment. These are likely to be in the coagulation cascade, butmany will be targets not usually defined or identified in the cascade.This approach can also be used to identify disease states that aredifferentiated from known coagulation disorders.

The coagulation system is a highly complex system and available toolsfor study of this system are limited in the breadth of information thatthey can provide to scientists engaged in drug discovery. Many currentdrug discoveries rely on target based screening, while others rely onphenotypic screening. Targeted methods include the use of molecularmethods of action, similar to gene expression or RNAi to isolate thetarget of interest with an assay and then use that assay to search forcompounds. Phenotypic screening identifies changes to biology that occurdue to a compound or agent, thus characterizing promising leads becausethey have the desired effect in the body. For cases of inhibition of thetarget, wild-type constructs of the target can be used. For instances ofactivation of a target, genetically modified version of the target canbe used. This approach addresses one limitation of certain existingscreening methods that cannot look the target or the activity of thetarget in matrices such as whole blood. For targets in hemostasis andcoagulation, this can be problematic due to the complex nature of thebiological interactions that any given target can undergo in blood.Potential screening targets include proteins, peptides, enzymes,fibrinogen, thrombin, platelets, platelet receptors, diseased state ofplatelets, clotting factors, diseased state of any of these targets.

The methods and the devices of the invention can generate an informationrich data set generated from the clotting of a patient sample blood orplasma due to the addition of a specific initiator. Various initiatorscan be used to trigger blood clotting at different starting points.These different initiators can be used to isolate or highlight differentportions of the clotting cascade by activation at selected points orbranches of the cascade and/or inhibition of selected points and/orbranches of the cascade. For a given clotting reaction, the methods ofthe invention enable the generation of a 3D surface data set thatcaptures multiple parameters such as hematocrit levels, clotting time,platelet activity, fibrinolysis, and many other physiological andbiological parameters. Thus, specific initiators can be used to exploreand isolate specific coagulation pathways.

Another means to select and hone in on a specific part of thecoagulation pathway or hemostasis system is to use genetically modifiedsystems, such as knock-out mice or rats. These systems/models allow oneto produce a target that represents the diseased state (e.g., a diseasedplatelet), and applying the methods of the invention to the blood inthis system/model in the absence and presence of the candidate compoundto evaluate the effectiveness of the compound to ameliorate the diseasestate. The small sample volume requirement of T2MR may be advantageousto animal studies. Conventional platelet methods require 0.5-25 mL ofblood, while the methods of the invention can be carried out using muchsmaller volumes.

Another advantage of the screening methods of the invention is thatnumerous features are available to identify anchor points, andsensitivity features for measuring the effects of compounds on thehemostasis process.

The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinaryskill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how themethods and compounds claimed herein are performed, made, and evaluated,and are intended to be purely exemplary of the invention and are notintended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as theirinvention.

Example 1 Monitoring the Blood Clotting Process Using Whole BloodSamples

The clotting process was monitored using fresh citrated or heparinizedwhole blood samples. Several different activation pathways wereexamined.

For the kaolin activation pathway (CK pathway), 1 mL of citrated bloodwas added to a kaolin vial (PlateletMapping assay kit, Haemonetics). Thevial was inverted five times to mix the sample. 34 μL of theblood/kaolin mix was transferred into a 200 μL PCR tube pre-heated at37° C. 2 μL of the 0.2M CaCl₂ was added to the PCR tube and the T2measurement was started immediately.

For the activator pathway (A pathway), 1 μL of freshly preparedactivator solution (A-P1, PlateletMapping assay kit, Haemonetics, alsoreferred to herein as “RF”) was added to a 200 μL PCR tube pre-heated at37° C. 36 μL of blood collected in a heparinase vial was added to thePCR tube and the sample was mixed with a pipette tip 3-4 times. The T2measurement was started immediately.

For the Activator (RF)+ADP pathway, 1 μL of freshly prepared activatorsolution (A-P1, PlateletMapping assay kit, Haemonetics) and 1 μL offreshly prepared platelet agonist solution (ADP-P2, PlateletMappingassay kit, Haemonetics) were added to a 200 μL PCR tube pre-heated at37° C. 36 μL of blood collected in heparinase vial was added to the PCRtube and the sample was mixed with a pipette tip 3-4 times. The T2measurement was started immediately.

FIG. 4 depicts the differences in clotting behavior associated with thethree different activation pathways.

Example 2 Data Extraction Using an Algorithm for Interpreting BloodClotting in a Sample

The data output from the T2reader of Example 1 was processed using athree-step method of performing a bi-exponential fit, plotting andchecking, and feature extraction:

Bi-Exponential Fit

The read time was registered by NDXClient. The complex y data wasconverted to magnitude and normalized. The initial 25 milliseconds of xand y was removed. Each relaxation curve was fit using the defaultnon-linear least square method. The curves were fitted to abi-exponential equation using start points (e.g., seeds) for AmpA, AmpB,T2A, and T2B with fixed seeds used for the first five time points. Theseed for the sixth time point was obtained from the average of the firstfive time points. Generally, time points were seeded with output fromthe previous time point. Negative values for parameters were notallowed. Alternatively, the data can be fit initially in the middle ofthe time series, working similarly to the ends. The goodness-of-fit termwas computed by taking the sum of squares of the fit residuals,excluding non-negative values, called SSE (see FIGS. 1A and 1C). Theparameters AmpA, AmpB, T2A, and T2B were binned into their respectivecategories to create a text file.

Plotting and Checking

The fits that did not meet the SSE criteria were flagged and removed. Asimple smoothing function based on local regression using weighted LLSand 1 degree polynomials was performed and outlier data was discarded.Each fit parameter was plotted versus time (smoothed and unsmoothed).Data shift and reflections were conducted to mimic TEG tracing andproduce a T2Coagulation curve. T2Coagulation curves may be produced byapplying a linear transformation to the extracted magnetic resonanceparameters. In particular, a T2Coagulation curve could be obtained fromT2A data by subtracting the minimum T2A value from each of the datapoints and taking the negative of each resulting data point, effectivelyreflecting the curve about the x axis. Likewise, a T2Coagulation curvecould be obtained from T2B data by subtracting the maximum T2B valuefrom each of the data points and taking the negative of each resultingdata point, effectively reflecting the curve about the x axis. Theamplitude data AmpA and AmpB could be transformed into a T2Coagulationcurve by similar methods.

Extract Features

The plotted curves were measured to extract the values associated withclotting behaviors “R”, “MA”, and “angle.” Data extraction can becarried out using any of a variety of methods known in the art. Forexample, metrics can be derived from the curve shape of the resultingdata and/or calculated from the value of one or more NMR parameters.

Example 3 Use of a Capillary Method for Measuring Clotting Behaviors

A capillary tube was used to collect a 2- to 5-p L blood sample from apatient. The blood sample was collected from a fingerstick using alance, and the sample was collected into a heparinized capillary tubeand capped with clay. Alternatively the blood was collected in a pyrextube and capped with clay. Alternatively the blood sample was collectedin a glass Dagan capillary tube and capped with clay and did not containan activator. Data for T2 NMR relaxation rate was recorded from thecapillary sample using a T2reader. It was determined that the collecteddata was monoexponential and that this may reflect a different clotstructure than is present in standard CK curves. Presumably, the surfaceof the capillary induces blood clotting.

Example 4 Treatment of Blood with Nanoparticles

Doping of blood with superparamagnetic nanoparticles leads to a changein the susceptibility of the bulk water in blood. A similar phenomenonhas been previously used by adding manganese to blood to alter the T2values of bulk water and enable a chemical-shift enabled exchangemeasurement of water inside and outside of the red blood cells. Bloodsamples from a single patient were used for experiments based on theprotocol set forth in Example 1. Additionally, blood samples weretreated with unfunctionalized 800 nm diameter nanoparticles. Twodifferent concentrations of nanoparticles were tested. The two differentconcentrations were achieved by adding either 10 μL of nanoparticles or20 μL of nanoparticles. T2 data was recorded using a T2reader. Therecorded T2 data was processed using the algorithm described in Example2. From a series of plots of AmpA and AmpB for samples containingnanoparticles, it was observed that the nanoparticles reduced the noiseobserved in the curves, permitting AmpA and AmpB to be distinguishedmore easily. From a series of plots of T2A and T2B for samplescontaining nanoparticles, it was observed that the nanoparticlesproduced a larger change in T2A. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles can beuseful in the methods of the invention for (i) increasing signal change(or the change in the value of an NMR parameter) in response torheological changes in a sample, and/or (ii) permitting a earlierdetection of changes in rheology in a sample undergoing a clotting ordissolution process.

In a separate experiment, the effect of the size of thesuperparamagnetic particle on T2MR in clotting blood was observed. Bloodsamples were prepared by combining 1 mL of citrated whole blood with 1tube of Kaolin reagent from (TEG) with gentle mixing by inversion 5times. 34 μL of blood/kaolin mixture was placed in a PCR tube (200 μL)and preheated at 37° C. for 1 minute. Clotting was initiated by additionof 2 μL of 0.2M CaCl₂, and the tube was placed into a T2 reader. Sampleswere run without magnetic particles (see FIG. 26A), with CLIOnanoparticles (30 nm size; ca. 0.05 ng) (see FIG. 26B), and with Seramagsuperparamagnetic particles (730 nm size; ca. 0.05 ng) (see FIG. 26C).

Addition of 30 nm nanoparticles erases the clot signal (at T2=200 msec)in a typical citrated kaolin experiment, only 1 peak at T2˜100 msec ispresent. Addition of 730 nm superparamagnetic particles does notinterfere with the ability to observe both peaks.

Example 5 Determination of Magnetic Resonance Parameters Value fromDonor Blood Samples

The magnetic resonance parameters used for data extraction were obtainedusing blood samples obtained from donors. The blood samples wereevaluated using both the TEG method and the T2Coagulation method.Several different types of assays were run. The T2Coagulation data wascollected using one of a number of T2readers.

Whole Blood Clotting Assays

Donor blood samples were evaluated using the method of the invention andthe TEG method. As described in Example 1, a number of different wholeblood clotting assays were used. These assays are further summarized inTable 1.

TABLE 1 Whole blood clotting assays and activators tested TEG AssayBlood Type Anticoagulent Activator(s) Comments Kaolin citrate kaolin(clay) which part of the Activation generates thrombin, TEG platelet (Kor CK) the most potent mapping assay platelet activator and clottingactivator Activator heparin reptilase and part of the (RF) factor XIIITEG platelet mapping assay; excludes plate- let contribution to clottingADP heparin adenosine diphosphate part of the Agonist TEG platelet (ADP)mapping assay AA heparin arachidonic acid part of the Agonist TEGplatelet (AA) mapping assay Functional citrate tissue factor excludesFibrinogen and platelet the platelet Test (FF) inhibiting agentcontribution to clotting

The K test generates a clot by both platelet activation and theenzymatic cascade that leads to fibrin formation. This clot bypasses anytypes of platelet inhibitor drugs and provides an assessment of overallwhole blood coagulation. It is thought that the TEG R value provides areflection of the enzymatic pathway and the TEG MA value provides areflection of the clot strength, which is driven by both platelets andthe product of the enzymatic pathway, the fibrin network

RF, ADP, and AA tests use heparin to inhibit the thrombin pathway toisolate the pathway activated by each specific agonist. ADP and AAactivate platelets, and there is an additional contribution to clotstrength by formation of the fibrin network. The RF run doesn't activateplatelets but does activate the fibrin network. Therefore, when the MAfrom an RF run is subtracted from a K, ADP, or AA run, the contributionof platelets to MA of those respective runs can be determined. It isnoteworthy that this is an indirect measure of platelet function.

Running K and ADP blood clotting assays on a patient can be used todetermine the amount of platelet inhibition a patient is under due to ananti-platelet therapy such as Plavix, Ticlid, and Effient, which are ADPplatelet inhibitors. The TEG MA values for K and ADP runs are comparedto determine this inhibition.

Running K and AA blood clotting assays can be used to determine thepercentage of platelets that are inhibited by an anti-platelet therapy,such as aspirin, ReoPro®, Aggrastat, Integrilin, and non-steroidalanti-inflammatory drugs. These drugs all inhibit the GPIIb/IIIa plateletreceptor, which is the receptor activated by the agonists in AA. This isdone by comparing the MA values for K and AA. The GPIIb/IIIa receptorsare expressed on the platelet surface when platelets are activated(Corporation, H., TEG® 5000 System Guide to PlateletMapping® Assay 2010;Enriquez, L. J. and L. Shore-Lesserson, Point-of-care coagulationtesting and transfusion algorithms. Br J Anaesth, 2009. 103 Suppl 1: p.i14-22; Kroll, M. H., Thromboelastography: Theory and Practice inMeasuring Hemostatis. Clinical Laboratory News, 2010: p. 8-10).

The FF test excludes the platelet contribution to clotting. Subtractionof the FF MA from the K MA yields clot strength presumably due toplatelet contribution. This is an indirect measure of platelet function.Comparing the MA from FF and K tests to reference ranges can indicate ifa bleeding problem comes from a low platelet or a low functionalfibrinogen activity, thereby guiding the clinician to appropriatetreatments. Similarly, prothrombotic patients can be diagnosed witheither high platelet activity or high functional fibrinogen activity, orboth. Fibrinogen is an important component of both primary and secondaryhemostatis, participating in both reversible and irreversible plateletaggregation. In secondary hemostasis, fibrinogen is cleaved andconverted to fibrin to form the fibrin matrix (Corporation, H., Guide toFunctional Fibrinogen. 2009).

Example 6 Process for Feature Extraction

An extensive effort was completed to determine the feature correlationbetween T2Coagulation and TEG curves. The two primary features in theTEG curves for which correlations were sought were R and maximumamplitude (MA). All feature extraction was performed using T2A, T2B,AmpA, and AmpB curves that were smoothed across 1/15 of the total curve,or over every 40 data points.

Feature searching was based on several time points in the T2Coagulationcurves. All features of a curve were built from the top candidate for R,which was determined by the time at which the second derivative of theT2A curve reaches a maximum value, by means of a simple numericalcalculation. This point in time is referred to as “PossibleR.” Also usedin feature extraction were the time at which T2B is at a minimum ormaximum value, and the time at which T2A is at a minimum or maximumvalue. FIG. 5 illustrates T2Coagulation curves for a single subject withthe first and second derivatives of the T2Coagulation curves.

There can be spurious data points, particularly in the first and secondderivatives. So the minimum and maximum values were defined as theextreme points nearest the first time T2A achieves a maximal secondderivative. After identifying these time-points in the T2Coagulationcurves and in the first and second derivatives of the T2Coagulationcurves, several different features were calculated from the time-points,combinations of time-points, numerical derivatives, and differences inT2Coagulation curves. These features were compared to the TEG R, MA, andMA_(PLATELET) values.

Standard regression analyses were used to determine the strength offeature correlation. Two terms were used to aid in the search forfeatures, the Pearson product moment correlation (r) coefficient and thecoefficient of determination (R²) term. The r term was used as a generalguide in mining for promising correlations and the R² term was used as ameasure of how good the correlation actually was.

Over 90 features were tested. Example features include the value of thefirst numerical derivative at PossibleR; the slope of T2A at the maximumacceleration of T2A; the difference between the maximum and minimumvalues on the T2B curves; and the slope between the minimum T2A andmaximum T2A values.

T2A+Partial T2B Curves

In one example of feature extraction, the T2A and T2B curves can becombined to give a T2A+partial T2B curve that was useful in searchingfor a correlation between the T2Coagulation curves and the TEG MA value.This combined curve was designated as “T2A+pT2B” and calculated byidentifying the point in time where T2B is at a maximum and creating avector that consists of the absolute value of the difference betweenthat T2B value and all subsequent T2B values. This vector is then addedto T2A on the same time register. FIG. 6 shows an example of how theT2A+pT2B curve is calculated. The T2A+pT2B curve mimics the top half ofa TEG curve.

The T2A+pT2B curves, generated as described above, generated a potentialcorrelation with TEG MA. A feature was identified that consisted of thechange in T2 signal between the T2 at T2 R and the average T2 over thefinal 50 points on the T2A+pT2B curve. This feature followed an inversecorrelation with MA, which was consistent with our initial impressionfor an MA correlation (see FIG. 7). That is, the maximum T2 change for aT2A+pT2B curve was inversely correlated with the TEG kaolin MA value.Across a large set of samples this feature gave a correlation with R²values between 0.39 and 0.55. These R² values may arise from theT2Coagulation T2A curve being sensitive to different aspects ofclotting, such as platelets, than what the TEG is sensitive to.

Pre-Clot T2A Value

The hematocrit of a blood sample could be calculated from the single,initial water population in the sample prior to clotting. Prior to clotformation, this single water population corresponds to the T2A valuesestablished using the bi-exponential fit method described in Example 2.The initial T2A value of a sample was found to have an approximatelyinverse linear correlation with the hematocrit measured using standardmethods known in the art. A calibration curve was established bycreating a set of four standards at different dilutions using blooddrawn from a single patient. The hematocrit and the initial relaxationrate observed for water population A prior to clot initiation wereplotted against one another to generate the calibration curve. Bloodsamples were drawn from ten patients and queried against the calibrationcurve. The T2 signal for unclotted blood was found to vary inverselywith hematocrit (HCT) levels. As shown in FIG. 8 a, distinct patientsamples spanning a wide range of HCT reference values demonstrates thisgenerally. Applying calibration methods to a single patient samplediluted across a range of HCT, a depicted in FIG. 8 b shows the lineardependence on HCT. FIGS. 8 a and 8 b show that it is possible to use themethods of the invention to calculate the hematocrit of a blood sample.

Example 7 Correlation Between Extracted Magnetic Resonance Parametersand Clotting Behaviors Determined by TEG

The magnetic resonance parameters extracted from the measured averageNMR relaxation rate data may be correlated with clotting behaviorsdetermined by TEG. Table 2 illustrates the correlation between theextracted T2A values and the clotting time parameter “R” measured usinga TEG Hemostatis Analyzer.

The TEG Hemostasis Analyzer provides quantitative and qualitativemeasurements of the physical properties of a clot (Samara et al.,Thromb. Res. 115:89-94, 2005). In the present example, the maximumamplitude (MA) and the coagulation time (R) were measured for thethrombin generated clot sample. MA is an indicator of theviscoelasticity of clot formation or clot strength and is dependent onplatelet aggregation and fibrin formation and polymerization. R is theperiod of time of latency until initial fibrin formation and has beencorrelated with the velocity of thrombin generation.

From plots of AmpA and AmpB measurements, T2A measurements, and T2Bmeasurements it was observed that early portions of the extracted datacurves may provide indications of a clotting behavior (e.g.,fibrinolysis or LY30) that is not available from the corresponding TEGcurves.

TABLE 2 Correlation between extracted magnetic resonance parameters andclotting behaviors determined by TEG (data shown in minutes) R valuesSample TEG T2Coagulation 1 6.9 6.5 2 7.3 7.5 3 5.5 6.0 4 6.6 7.0 5 5.26.0 6 7.8 8.0 7 4.9 5.0

T2Coagulation Correlation for Clotting Time (R)

A method of correlating the clotting time (R) with a T2Coagulationfeature was developed based on obtaining the second numerical derivativeof T2A in an automated way, as discussed above. Across 25 runs, a R² of0.80 (FIG. 9) was observed between T2 and TEG for the R (whole bloodclotting time) values. The T2Coagulation curves used for thiscorrelation were kaolin runs where SSE≧2. Three outlier runs arehighlighted in FIG. 9 with their T2A curves shown to the right. In allthree cases, the T2A curve achieves maximum acceleration (T2A″=0) priorto the R TEG time.

T2Coagulation Correlation for Platelet-Associated Clot Strength(MA_(PLATELET))

Several features were explored for correlating TEG MA times andT2Coagulation features using kaolin runs. The most prominent correlationfound for kaolin runs was the T2Coagulation feature between time zeroand the minimum T2 value, which is right before the T2 R feature. Thisis the typical initial decrease in the T2A curves. The slope of the T2Asignal between time zero and the minimum T2 value correlates with theTEG MA_(PLATELET) value. Because TEG cannot measure the plateletactivity directly, the thrombin-induced platelet contribution to clotstrength is derived by subtracting the MA term from an activator, or A,run (MA_(A)) from the MA term from a kaolin run (also referred to asMA_(THROMBIN)). FIG. 10 shows the correlation between the TEG termMA_(THROMBIN)−MA_(A), or MA from a CK run minus MA from an A run for 14T2Coagulation runs and 28 TEG runs. As with the R correlations, SSE≧2was used. To get the MA_(PLATELET) term with TEG, two different TEGcurves must be acquired and the user must conduct manual arithmetic todetermine the platelet contribution to clot strength. However, withT2Coagulation, this information is available within the first 6 minutesof a single T2Coagulation run that is much easier to set up.

T2Coagulation Correlation for Functional Fibrinogen-Associated ClotStrength (MA_(FF))

Clotting behaviors may be determined by including additives in a bloodsample prior to collection of NRM relaxation data. Fibrinogen can beadded to a sample to effectively titrate the range of MA values. FIG. 11shows the T2Coagulation curves for the functional fibrinogen titrationand clear evidence for correlation between the MA of an FF run and afeature from the T2Coagulation curve. This T2Coagulation feature wascalculated as the difference between the initial and final T2CoagulationAmpA values (ΔAmpA). Fibrinogen was added to samples at three differentconcentrations (0.63, 1.25, and 2.5 mg/mL). As can be seen in FIG. 11(c), there was a strong correlation between ΔAmpA and TEG MA for thesefunctional fibrinogen (FF) (MA_(FF)) runs compared with a samplecontaining no added fibrinogen. Fibrinogen titrations were conducted fortwo other patient samples and correlations above 0.9 and as high as 0.98were obtained. In this protocol, the citrated whole blood was diluted to50% of its original concentration.

T2Coagulation Correlation for Percent Lysis 30 Minutes after MA (LY30)

A correlation was observed for the LY30 term that is used to detectfibrinolysis. Five different healthy patient samples were used to testwhether T2Coagulation was sensitive to fibrinolysis. Addition of tissueplasminogen activator (TPA) was used to simulate fibrinolysis by addingit at two levels to healthy patient blood. TPA cleaves fibrin as itforms. It was observed that fibrinolysis can be detected within 10minutes on T2Coagulation, which is less than half the time required fordetection on TEG. For all five patients there was a clear differencebetween healthy and fibrinolytic samples. FIG. 12 shows T2Coagulationdata for T2A and T2B curves for the non-fibrinolytic (solid line) sampleand fibrinolytic sample (dashed line).

There is a strong correlation for the change in the T2B signal and theLY30 term from TEG, as shown in FIG. 13. There are several potentialfeatures that can be used for this correlation. Three that wereinvestigated were the difference between (i) the minimum and maximum T2Bvalues (FIG. 13), (ii) the average of the T2B values over the final 25minutes of the T2B curves, and (iii) the T2B values at 10 minutes. Allhad correlations with R² values between 0.72 and 0.79. The correlationplots show a higher sensitivity of T2Coagulation for fibrinolysis thanTEG. This can be seen by the groupings for the different levels offibrinolysis in FIG. 13. The healthy patient samples are circled withthe solid line. The fully fibrinolytic samples (containing 118 ng/mL ofCathflo®, recombinant alteplase manufactured by Genentech) are circledwith the dashed line and the partially fibrinolytic samples (containing60 ng/mL of Cathflo®, recombinant alteplase manufactured by Genentech)are not circled. The T2Coagulation T2B term can be detected in as littleas 10 minutes, which is much faster than the TEG LY30 term can bedetected, indicating the utility of the T2Coagulation signal for morerapid measurement of fibrinolysis.

Clotting Time, PT/INR, and aPTT

The sensitivity of T2MR to clot formation in blood and plasma can beused to measure clotting times, such as PT/INR, aPTT, and TEG R.

Clotting times were measured by T2MR by first establishing a time zeroT2 value (i.e., by taking the first point or some sort of average orlinear fit to the first 5-10 data points) of the T2 time curve, andsecond identifying the time point (i.e., the clotting time or PT time)in the T2 time curve when the T2 value had changed by a predeterminedamount (e.g. 5% or 10%) indicative of clotting in the sample. From theobserved PT clotting time the INR was calculated using the methodsdescribed in Jan et al., Clin. Chem. 35:840 (1989).

A correlation for PT/INR with Stago was demonstrated usingthromboplastin reagent (Thrombotest, Axis Shield) and 1:5 dilution ofwhole blood for T2MR and the standard reagents and plasma protocol forStago Start system (see FIG. 14A). 18 normal samples and 24 abnormalsamples were tested against a reference range established by 20 normalsamples. Abnormal samples with prolonged PT times were obtained byspiking increasing levels of the anti-Xa inhibitor Rivaroxiban (10ng/mL-1000 ng/mL). Correlation with TEG clotting time was obtainedacross >40 normal patient samples with non-optimized R2 correlationof >0.8. (see FIG. 14B). PT time correlations with Stago for plasma (seeFIG. 14D) and with Hemochron for whole blood (see FIG. 14C) were alsofound.

Example 8 T1 Relaxation Measurements

In addition to being able to measure T2 measurements, T2readers can beconfigured to measure T1 measurements. T1 measures different physicalproperties of the hydrogen atom spin system in the sample. Therefore, T1data provides alternative and complementary information about bloodclotting compared to T2 data. While conventional T1 measurements aretime consuming (2-3 minutes) due to the step-wise nature of acquiringthe T1 signal, a z-refocused echo (ZRE) method was used to acquire T1within less than 5 seconds. Measurements of T1 relaxation curves fornative and clotted whole blood we made and a sensitivity of T1 to bloodclotting was observed (unclotted whole blood T1=787 ms; clotted wholeblood T1=860 ms).

Example 9 T1/T2 Hybrid Detection Methods

T1/T2 hybrid detection methods are known in the art (Edzes, J. Magn.Reson. 17: 301-313, 1975; Sezginer et al., J. Magn. Reson. 92: 504-527,1991, which are hereby incorporated by reference). These methods andrelated methods may be used in the present invention to assess magneticresonance parameters values and/or establish T2Coagulation curves.

T1 is typically sampled by means of an inversion-recovery sequence.Inversion recovery sequences can take several minutes to acquiredepending on the precision of the measured relaxation time that the userwants to achieve, which is dictated by the number of data measurementsused in the pulse sequence. The details of the inversion recoverysequence will not be described here, as they can be looked up in anystandard NMR textbook.

A T1ZRE pulse sequence allows for the measurement of T1 over the timerequired for the magnetization to completely relax. (˜3-5×T1). This isachieved by inverting the magnetization with a 180° pulse and thensampling the magnetization while the magnetization returns toequilibrium by measuring its magnitude and returning it to its original−z position with a series of pulses.

The time that it takes to sample the magnetization is called τ_(c), andthe time between samplings is τ_(r). The time after the start of τ_(c)until the actual measurement is τ_(m). The measured relaxation constantis a combination of R₂ and R₁ and is referred to as R₁₂. The three termsare related by

R ₁₂=(1−p)R ₁ +pR ₂  (11)

where p=τ_(c)/τ_(r). From this relation, one can see that R12 goes to R1when p goes to 0.

τ_(r) will depend on the total number of points and the total durationof the measurement. For T2Coagulation measurements, it was 30 pointsover ˜3 seconds for a T_(r) of 100 milliseconds. The τ_(c) term can becalculated from the pulse sequence and is essentially equivalent to3×tau or 750 Accordingly, the p term is equal to 0.0075 and the measuredrelaxation, or hybrid, T1/T2 (hT12) term should primarily be T1.Sezginer et al. provide a simple equation to derive the T1 measurementfrom the hT12 signal, which is

$\begin{matrix}{\frac{1}{T_{1}^{meas}} = {\frac{T_{b}}{T_{1}( {{4t_{cp}} + T_{b}} )} + \frac{4t_{cp}}{T_{2}( {{4t_{cp}} + T_{b}} )}}} & (12)\end{matrix}$

where T₁ ^(meas) is hT12, T₁ is T1, T_(b) is the duration between thetwo measurements, t_(cp) is half of the inter-echo delay or tau, and T₂is the measured T2 time.

The above description is simply illustrative of how this hybridrelaxation time can be measured. There are other pulse sequences thatcan be used to measure hybrid relaxation constants and derive T1 in arapid fashion.

Regardless of the pulse sequence used, the inventive concept is directedto rapid acquisition of magnetic resonance relaxation measurements formonitoring coagulation (i.e., blood clotting). Other types of magneticresonance pulse sequences can be used to monitor the bulk hydrogensignal in the sample during coagulation. Examples include T2, T1, T1/T2hybrid times, their inverse terms of R2, R1, R12, and pulsed NMRmeasurements commonly used for materials analyses on relaxometers suchas free induction decay (FID) based analyses, fast Fourier transformbased analyses (FFT). FID analysis commonly discriminates betweenrapidly decaying signals and slowly decaying signals. The intensities ofthese two signals can be compared, as can their decay constants. Thesepulse sequences have been commonly used for fat analysis, fat contentand solid to liquid ratio, solid fat to liquid ratio, hydrogen contentdetermination, oil content, solids content, and total fat contentdeterminations, oil water emulsions, and fat and moisturedeterminations. Similar real-time or kinetic measurements can beperformed with those NMR parameters on samples that are undergoing acoagulation reaction.

Alternative relaxation measurements are attractive to provide: (1) moreinformation of the clotting process; (2) specific information notcaptured by the T2 measurement; and (3) normalization for factors thatboth T2 and the new parameter are sensitive to. To describe point 3more, if, for example, T1 measurements are sensitive to variations inpatient to patient but T1 does not contain the coagulation informationthen there should be an algorithm to use the T1 curve to “subtract out”the part of the T2 signal that arises from undesired sensitivities inclinical samples. Such undesired sensitivities may be variations inhematocrit, platelet count, etc.

To demonstrate the concept, we measured a CK clotting curve on a Brukerminispec. The experiment was conducted in a sample volume of 300 μL andinside of a glass NMR tube. This relaxometer had a pulse sequence thatcould measure both T2 and hybrid T12 (hT12) relaxation times in a rapidsuccessive fashion. T1 was derived by equation 12.

The resulting T2Coagulation curves showed very similar shape andfeatures to the T2Coagulation curves acquired on the T2readers used inthe invention. This is confirmation of the other T2Coagulation curvesbecause the Bruker minispec used has a very different detection coil,magnet, and curve fitting algorithm than the T2readers. Under thedescribed pulse sequence conditions the T1/T2 hybrid is primarily T1. Inthis experiment the T1/T2 hybrid signal was acquired in an interleavedfashion. A T2 signal was acquired using a CPMG sequence and then theT1/T2 signal was acquired using the T1ZRE sequence. The signals can becombined with each other to generate new curves calculated by dividingthe T1/T2 hybrid (primarily T2) by T2A and useful in the methods of theinvention for assessing hypercoagulability and/or hypocoagulability of ablood sample.

Example 10 Acrylamide Synthetic Clotting Control

An acrylamide gel polymerization was used as a synthetic control forT2Coagulation measurements. A set of acrylamide gels were prepared usingdeionized water, 40% acrylamide, 0.5 M Tris pH 6.8 buffer, and 10%ammonium persulfate in the amounts listed in Table 3 to form a set ofmixtures. The mixtures were incubated at room temperature for 30minutes. 36 μL of each mixture was saved in a set of separate PCR tubesfor use as controls. 2 μL of tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) wasadded to each mixture. After 30 minutes, a T2 measurement of eachcontrol and polymerization reaction was taken.

TABLE 3 Composition of acrylamide gels Sample 3% 6% 10% 15% 20% 40%Deionized water (μL) 1310 1160 960 710 460 40% Acrylamide (μL) 150 300500 750 1000 2000 0.5M Tris pH 6.8 buffer (μL) 500 500 500 500 500 10%Ammonium persulfate 20 20 20 20 20 20 (μL)

The percent change in T2 was calculated by comparing the T2 values ofthe TEMED treated sample and the corresponding control sample. Themeasured data is shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Percent change in T2 times of acrylamide gels Sample Control, T2msec Polymerized, T2 msec % T2 change  3% 1386.3 1351.16 3  6% 1339.311107.84 17 10% 1326.36 828.29 38 15% 1355.67 604.56 55 20% 1235.29450.85 64 40% 1200.66 145.87 88

The 15%, 20%, and 40% acrylamide gels demonstrated the largest % T2changes. These reactions were chosen for time course T2 measurements.The 15%, 20%, and 40% acrylamide gels were prepared according to Table3. Upon addition of TEMED, each sample was immediately placed into a T2T2reader and measurement was started. The time course data revealed thatthe overall change in T2 and speed of reaction depends on the percentacrylamide. This is a reflection of the different polymer densities forthese different reactions. The sensitivity of T2 to the polymer gelcomposition is likely due to the sensitivity of T2 to a change in theaverage length of water diffusion during the time course of a single T2measurement.

Superparamagnetic nanoparticles can be used with synthetic clottingreactions (e.g., the acrylamide gel formation). When, the 40% acrylamidegel was polymerized in the presence of ˜800 nm carboxy Sera-magnanoparticles (1 μg/mL nanoparticles), the initial part of the T2 timecurve was flattened. The CPMG parameters used in the T2 measurementsdescribed above are as follows: pulse width=6.8 μs; radiofrequencyblanking width=1 μs; 90-180 spacing=249.6 μs; num 180s=7000; totalexcitation=3494.902 ms; repetition (Tr)=1000 ms; receiver phase=0; 90phase=0; and 180 phase=90.

This example is illustrative of how an NMR parameter (e.g., T1 or T2)changes in a sample undergoing a phase change. Increasing the polymerdensity resulted in a more rapid decrease in T2 and an overall greaterdecrease in T2, demonstrating the dependence of the T2 signal on polymermatrix density, pore size, and other parameters of the gel Similarresults can be obtained with other gels such as Kappa carrageenan gel(gels with the addition of potassium ions), Iota carrageen gel (gelswith the addition of calcium ions), sodium calcium alginate, gelatin,among other food products.

Example 11 Detection of Bacterial Endotoxin

The methods and device of the invention are used to detect bacterialendotoxin, i.e., cell wall material from gram-negative bacteria.Endotoxin is capable of causing high fevers in humans, and,consequently, injectable drugs and medical devices that contact theblood are frequently tested for the presence of endotoxin. Aclotting-based assay for detecting endotoxin relies upon the reactionbetween bacterial endotoxin and a specific lysate used in the assay. Alysate derived from the circulating amebocytes of the horseshoe crabLimulus polyphemus is a particular lysate that can be used. In theassay, the lysate is introduced to a sample to be tested for thepresence of endotoxin. If a gel is formed, via a clotting process,endotoxin is deemed to be present. The formation and properties of sucha gel are monitored by any of the NMR-based methods described herein.

Example 12 T2 Signature Curves

NMR data is processed to create a T2 signature curve displaying distinctsignals (i.e. maxima) that represent individual water populations withina blood sample. The T2 signature curves are created by applying amathematical transform (e.g., a Laplace transform or inverse Laplacetransform) to a decay curve associated with T2 at a time point during aclotting event. FIG. 15 depicts a T2 decay curve and a corresponding T2signature curve. The three signals represent three water populations inthe blood sample. FIG. 15 also depicts one way in which the signals canchange over time.

The correlation between the water populations A and B observed in theNMR relaxation data and the components of the clotted sample wasconfirmed by separating the retracted clot from the surrounding serumand separately measuring the T2 data for these two components (see FIG.16, the T2 signature curve after clotting is completed). Two T2relaxation spectra for a patient sample collected on a T2reader at twodifferent time points (see FIG. 18). The spectra show an initialsignificant peak at Time 0 that corresponds with the blood in thesample. At 20 minutes, two significant peaks are evident. The peak witha lower T2 time (˜200-300 milliseconds) corresponds with the T2 bloodclot water environment, and the peak with a higher T2 time (˜450-580milliseconds) corresponds with the T2 serum water environment.

The difference between T2A and T2B (Delta T2) was observed to becorrelated with clot strength. FIG. 17 depicts two overlaid T2relaxation spectra and the TEG clot strength (MA) for two differentsamples drawn from the same patient. The sample containing the weakerclot (MA=19.2) exhibited a lower value for the difference between theclot-associated signal and the serum-associated signal (182milliseconds) than the sample containing the stronger clot (MA=65; 258milliseconds). The data shows that increasing clot strength positivelycorrelates with Delta T2 (R²=0.8771, see FIG. 18).

Example 13 3D Plot of Water Populations in a Clot

T2 relaxation rate data was collected from CK blood samples drawn fromhealthy patients. For each sample, a series of T2 decay curves weremeasured over a period of 50 minutes. The decay curves were eachprocessed using an inverse Laplace transform (ILT CONTIN) to provide anarray of curves showing T2 intensity as a function of T2 time. Thesecurves were compiled to form 3D data sets by stacking the inverseLaplace transform curves over the duration of the clotting timedimension to generate a 3D surface that shows how the differentpopulations of water within the sample change as a function of time.FIG. 20 illustrates the 3D data sets for patient samples 29328 and 29350collected on a Bruker minispec. The 3D data sets showed an initial waterpopulation with a T2 time of 250-500 milliseconds that corresponds tounclotted blood. At a time between 5 minutes and 30 minutes, the singlewater population diverged into two significant water populations. Thesetwo water populations correspond to the two components of the clot,i.e., the retracted clot and the serum surrounding the retracted clot.The first clot-associated water population had a T2 time of 80-400milliseconds and corresponded to the retracted clot. The secondclot-associated water population had a broader range of T2 times, from400-3000 milliseconds, and corresponded to the serum surrounding theretracted clot. For some samples these two peaks were not entirelyresolved. The correlation between the water populations and thecomponents of the clotted sample was confirmed by separating theretracted clot from the surrounding serum and separately measuring theT2 data for these two components.

Example 14 Inhibition of Platelet Activity Using Abciximab

The clotting of a whole blood sample was perturbed using theantithrombotic agent abciximab (ReoPro®). Abciximab is the Fab fragmentof a human-murine monoclonal antibody that binds to the IIb/IIIareceptor of human platelets and inhibits platelet aggregation. Abciximabserves to inhibit the retraction of a clot during the clotting process.

Samples containing abciximab were prepared according to the followingprocedure and referenced in the application and Figures by a numbercorresponding to the concentration of abciximab in units of μg/mL.

1. Blood was drawn from normal donors into six citrate tubes. Normaldonors must not have taken aspirin or any anti-platelet drug in the pasttwo weeks.

2. The six tubes of blood were pooled and mixed gently by inversioneight to ten times. Samples were used within two hours of collection.

3. A abciximab solution (10 mg/5 mL) was diluted at a ratio of 1:4 usingsaline as a diluent to form “solution 1.”

4. The blood was spiked with solution 1 and saline according to Table 5

5. The samples were allowed to sit for at least five minutes prior torunning any sample in a T2reader or Bruker minispec.

TABLE 5 Preparation of blood samples containing abciximab μl Solution 1μl Saline μl Blood Reopro ® (μg/ml) 0 96 1904 0 2 62 1936 0.50 4 60 19361 6 58 1936 1.5 8 56 1936 2 10 54 1936 2.5 12 52 1936 3 16 48 1936 4 2440 1936 6 32 32 1936 8

In a first experiment, four aliquots of patient sample 29488 wereprepared with different concentrations of abciximab (0, 2, 4, and 8μg/mL) prior to initiation of the clotting process. The T2 relaxationtimes for the four samples were measuring over the course of clotformation and the corresponding 3D plots were determined using thetechnique described in Example 13. A clear trend was evident in the four3D plots, with higher concentrations of abciximab resulting in thecoalescing of the retracted clot water population and the serum waterpopulation into a single water population. At the highest concentrationof abciximab, there was no longer two phases visible within the clot.This physical change is evidenced and quantified in the corresponding 3Dplots (FIG. 21), showing fast exchange of water within the uniformsample at the highest concentration of abciximab.

In a second experiment, five aliquots of patient sample 29494 wereprepared with different concentrations (0, 2, 4, 8, and 0 μg/mL) ofabciximab prior to initiation of the clotting process. The T2relaxations times for the samples were measured in series, with each setof measurements lasting approximately 50 min. The first sample testedand the final sample tested contained no added abciximab. The collectedT2 decay curves were processed using inverse Laplace transforms, asdescribed in Example 18. The data at a time of 0.1 minutes for the fivesamples is shown in FIG. 22. The curves illustrate that in the presenceof abciximab a narrower distribution of T2 signals are observed withinthe initial water population present in the blood sample. The differencein the curve shape between the first sample run and the final samplerun, both of which contained no added abciximab, may be evidence of aneffect of sample age on the T2 time distribution. The data at a time of20 minutes for the first four samples is shown in FIG. 23. Thecorresponding TEG-determined MA values for these samples was 60.7, 61.4,30.4, and 22.0, respectively. The two samples having the highestconcentrations of abciximab formed weaker clots, as measured by TEG, anddisplayed narrower, more resolved T2 peaks than the other two samples,which formed stronger clots and exhibited poorly resolved T2 peaks,indicative of multiple water populations and non-uniformity of theenvironments within these samples. This data demonstrate that theNMR-based methods of the invention can be used to measure plateletactivity within a clotting sample. FIGS. 22 and 23 show that an additivethat modulates the clotting behavior of a sample, such as abciximab, canbe advantageously used to establish correlations between TEG-determinedindices (e.g., clot strength and platelet activity) and NMR-derived datadetermined using the methods of the invention.

FIG. 24 shows how a 3D plot constructed from a 3D data set can be usedto determine the clotting time for a blood sample. FIG. 25 shows, usinga 3D plot constructed from a 3D data set, how platelet inhibitionreduces the signal intensity of the clot associated signal and shiftsthe serum associated signal to lower T2 values.

Example 15 Assessing Data Quality and Fit Quality

The T2 coagulation data for a single sample consists of a collection ofS observed T2 CPMG relaxation curves {f_(j)(t): 0<t<T,j=0, 1, 2, 3, . .. S}, where j=0, 1, 2, . . . , S are points in time throughout asample's coagulation/clot forming process, with j=0 corresponding toclot initiation and j=S a point after the sample has undergone anexpected coagulation event. The T2 coagulation algorithm transforms thiscollection of decay functions into a surface of decay constantpotentials over the T2×Clotting Time domain and then extracts usefulinformation about the sample from these potentials.

A single T2 CPMG relaxation data f_(j)(t) will be modeled as a finitesum of weighted exponential decay functions using equation (3).Typically n is large (e.g., n>300) due to sample complexity. Manyalgorithms have been developed to estimate this model's parameters (seeIstratov et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 70:1233 (1999)). For example, theTikhonov regularization method (see Tikhonov Soy. Math. Dokl. 4:1035(1963)) can implemented in CONTIN (see Provencher, Comput. Phys. Commun27:229 (1982)) to evaluate the relaxation data collected in the methodsof the invention. As is common (see Davies, Inversion Problems inScattering and Imaging, edited by M. Bertero and E. R. Pike (AdamHilfer, Bristol, 1992), p. 393), the use of this inversion method for T2coagulation relaxation data can require the application of specificmodifications or settings, such as those provided below.

The inverse Laplace transform is known to be an ill-posed computation,which means that many equally accurate solutions may arise from a givencomplex decay dataset. This is true of the cleanest data, and worsens asthe composite decay curve becomes noisier or moves markedly from a sumof mono-exponential decay functions.

CPMG Data Quality

To address this problem, prior to inversion, each T2 CPMG dataset can betested to establish the quality of the both the data and the overalllikelihood that the inversion will be successful. Signal to noise ratios(SNRs) are estimated based on the CPGM intensity at t=0 compared to thevariation observed late in the relaxation data, i.e. t near T. Low SNRvalues resulting from decreases in initial signal are associated withinstrument and operator error that disqualify the data fromconsideration. Low SNR can also arise from increased variation late inthe CPMG data or when the observation duration of the decay process wastoo short. The latter case suggests the decay constants in a givendataset are larger than expected. Since the Tikhonov regularizationmethod requires knowledge of the maximum T2 value expected, the T2algorithms accommodate cases of low SNR due to linear trends late in theCPMG curve by increasing the maximum expect T2 value (parameter inCONTIN).

Increased variation also arises when a small number of extreme points(relative to the composite decay assumption) can be found in the tail ofa CPMG curve. After fitting subsections of a CPMG curve (0<t1<t<t2<T)with mono-exponential decay functions, points found in the positive ornegative tails of the distribution of fit residuals are removed prior toinversion.

After the T2 CPMG data passes qualification, in instances when the decayprocess has been observed long enough to allow for the application of aJackknife test of the fit, the CPMG data is randomly split into twosubsets Train and Test such that Train has no more than 8,000 datapoints with the remainder being assigned to the Test set. The Train datais inverted and the resulting model parameters, which define amulti-exponential decay function, are used to assess fit quality on theTest data. Fit quality on the Test data gives an independent measure offit, and is used in the feature extraction phase of the T2 coagulationalgorithm.

CONTIN Parameter Values

Several CONTIN parameters dramatically influence the quality of theinverse Laplace transform. Table 6 documents those parameters and thevalues used by the T2 coagulation algorithm to best fit the T2 CPMGdata. The regularization value (α) plays a major role in one's abilityto resolve two or more T2 peaks. The T2 coagulation algorithm requiresnarrow peaks to distinguish when subpopulations of water molecules beginto distinguish themselves from other populations. The specific range ofα values specified in Table 6 forces CONTIN to search for solutions withregularization weights that allow for this subpopulation discrimination.

TABLE 6 CONTIN Parameters and Values for T2 coagulation algorithm NameValue Description NG Varies by Number of T2 grid points used for ILTsample GMNMX(1) 1 Minimum T2 value (msec) GMNMX(2) Varies by Maximum T2value (msec) sample NONNEG 1 Search for non-negative solution onlyNQPROG(1) 0 Number of course grid alpha (regularization parameter)search attempts NQPROG(2) 12 Number of fine grid alpha (regularizationparameter) search attempts RSVMNX(3) 4E0   Defines minimum alpha in Finegrid search RSVMNX(4) 1E−7 Defined maximum alpha in Fine grid searchRUSER(21) 1 Sets R21 in fm{circumflex over ( )}2 * lambda{circumflexover ( )}R23 * exp(−R21 * tk * lambdam{circumflex over ( )}R22)RUSER(22) −1 Sets R22 in fm{circumflex over ( )}2 * lambda{circumflexover ( )}R23 * exp(−R21 * tk * lambdam{circumflex over ( )}R22)RUSER(23) −1 Sets R23 in fm{circumflex over ( )}2 * lambda{circumflexover ( )}R23 * exp(−R21 * tk * lambdam{circumflex over ( )}R22)

The minimum T2 value is typically set in the range of 1-50 ms. Thisaccounts for CPMG time constants arising from plastics in the samplecontainers. When the minimum is increased above 1 ms, the CPMG curvedata on which ILT is performed must be truncated to exclude those shorttime constants not admitted to the inversion. For example, if theminimum T2 were set at 40 ms, the CPMG data collected prior to 40 mswould be removed prior to performing the ILT.

The maximum T2 value varies by sample/assay type and usage mode in thefollowing ways. Platelet rich and poor plasma samples, which contain fewRBCs, require larger maximum T2 values. PPP and PRP maximum T2 valuesare set in the range of 2500-3500 ms. RBC containing samples will havemaximum T2 values in the range of 1000-2000 ms. The maximum T2 value mayalso be reduced when magnetic particles are included in the sample. Forsituations in which there is no predicted T2 value, the maximum T2values can be set in the range of 2500-4000 ms to admit the broadestrange of potential T2 values while examining novel sample types. BecauseILT fits attempt to account for the entire CPMG curve, but do so over afinite range of T2 values, spurious peaks can occur at the T2 fitboundaries. To accommodate this, an additional 0.5-1 seconds is added tothe maximum T2 value used. The ranges provided above include thisadditional time.

The Tikhonov regularization method includes a parameter (alpha) thatcontrols the inversion's smoothness across the T2 domain. Too small andthe peaks are broad with the potential of producing compound peaks, toolarge and the peaks are more narrow with the potential to split singlepeaks into several closely placed peaks. CONTIN, as an implementation ofthe Tikhonov algorithm, is able to search for a regularization term thatseeks a compromise between these two extremes. This is accomplished byexecuting CONTIN without a course alpha grid search, but with anincreased fine grid search (12 iterations) within the range of alphavalues of about 1.0e-10 and about 4.0e0.

Construction of the T2 Decay Constant Potential Surface

Once each ILT is performed, a collection of curves {l_(j)(τ_(k)):1<τ_(k)<maxT2, k=1, 2, 3, . . . , N, j=0, 1, 2, 3, . . . S replaces theoriginal collection of CPMG curves fjt. For a given CPMG curve f_(j),the decay constant τ_(k) is estimated to contribute l_(j)(τ_(k)) to themulti-exponential decomposition (see equation 13):

$\begin{matrix}{{{f_{j}(t)} \sim {{\sum\limits_{{k = 1},N}{{l_{j}( \tau_{k} )}{\exp ( \frac{- t}{\tau_{k}} )}}} + 0}},} & (13)\end{matrix}$

where l_(j)(τ_(k)) may be zero for many k. Changes in the non-zero decayconstants and their contributions to the decomposition above over timecorrespond to changes in the sample and the T2 coagulation algorithminterprets these values and their changes to derive information aboutthe rheological state of a sample or to derive information about ahemostatic condition of a subject. Prior to extracting these features,spurious peaks and multi-modal peaks are resolved (as described below).

Spurious Peak Identification and Removal

In general, for a given j, the ILT amplitude values l_(j)(τ_(k)) areclustered in the T2 domain around a small (<6) regions where the valuesare non-zero. Ideally, these islands of non-zero intensity are unimodaland away from the boundaries of the range of T2 values over which theinversion was performed. This is not always the case, so care has to betaken to correctly interpret the l_(j)(τ_(k)).

The first filter applied to l_(j)(τ_(k)) is to remove non-zero valueswhere the T2 value is inconsistent with prior expected values based onthe type of sample being analyzed. Examples of this include T2<50 ms,which arise from the plastic containing the sample, T2<100 ms if thesample was expected to have high concentrations of protein, and T2 at ornear the maximum T2 range used for inversion, whose presence indicates alarger maximum T2 should have been used to invert the sample's CPMGdata.

Additionally, while estimating each l_(j)(τ_(k)), the Tikhonovregularization method computes a standard error ε_(j)(τ_(k)) ofl_(j)(τ_(k)). When l_(j)(τ_(k)) is near zero, it is common thatl_(j)(τ_(k))<ε_(j)(τ_(k)), which implies the edges of most non-zeroislands are ambiguous despite a strong signal near the mean τ_(k) ofsuch a collection of non-zero intensities. These l_(j)(τ_(k)) are notremoved. Alternatively, when l_(j)(τ_(k))<ε_(j)(τ_(k)) at a τ_(k) atwhich l_(j)(τ_(k)) is a local maximum, the entire non-zero island isregarded as unreliable and is set to zero.

Example 16 Use of Dried or Frozen Reagents

Dried or frozen reagents may be used in the methods of the invention.The results below demonstrate that drying the reagents and freezing thereagents had no discernible influence on the coagulation processobserved by T2 relaxation.

Tube-Dried Collagen as a Platelet Activator

Collagen is a potent activator of platelets, and recognition of exposedcollagen from the cellular matrix is one of the in vivo signals forplatelet activation. We have demonstrated that small aliquots ofcollagen dried in the bottom of a microtube can effectively generate aT2MR clot peak in both whole blood and RBC-depleted plasma. To preparethe tube, 2 micrograms (2 μL of a 1 mg/ml solution) was deposited in thebottom of a microtube and the tube placed at 37° C. for 2-5 hours. Atube prepared in this way can be kept at room temperature or at 37° C.for several weeks. To measure a T2MR signature 34 μL of citrated wholeblood (or RBC-depleted blood) were added to the tube at 37 degrees;after 1 minute 2 μL of 0.2M CaCl₂ was added and the sample placed in themagnet for relaxation measurements and analysis.

Frozen One-Pot Formulations for ADP Activation of Platelets

We have developed a standard formulation for ADP activation of plateletsin citrated whole blood which uses the addition of heparin to controlthrombin activation, thereby minimizing variability in plateletactivation via thrombin. Clotting in such a system is initiated with acombination of calcium (to overcome citrate), and reptilase/factor XIIIa(to replace thrombin). The complete one-pot activation mixture whichactivates platelets via ADP, and is therefore useful in probing thestate of the P2Y12 ADP receptor, contains heparin, reptilase, factorXIIIa, calcium, and ADP.

We have demonstrated that such a mixture can be made in small batchesand frozen (at −20° C.) in single-use aliquots for T2MR measurement ofADP-induced platelet activity measurements. The use of this mixtureconsists of thawing a pre-made microtube containing an appropriateamount of reagent mix at room temperature, adding 34 μL citrated wholeblood, mixing, and placing the sample in the reader for relaxationmeasurements analysis.

Dried Kaolin Assay

Kaolin runs permit resolution of the serum and clot signals. Acrosspatient samples, these runs can show variation of the absolute T2 valuesfrom user errors. Use of dried reagents avoids pipetting errors andreduces reagent addition variation normally encountered during all wetreagent experiments. Additionally, use of dried reagents provides a muchsimpler assay protocol where blood is added directly to a tubecontaining dried reagents with no additional pipetting steps.

A dry mix was prepared containing CaCl₂ and Kaolin. 24 μL of 0.2M CaCl₂and 10.8 μL of Kaolin (Haemonetics) were mixed and aliquots distributedinto 10 PCR tubes (2.9 μL of prepared mix into each tube). The contentsof each tube were dried in an incubator at 37° C. over 2 hours with thetube caps open. Each tub was capped and stored tubes at 2-25° C. To thepreheated PCR tube with dried CK reagent mix was added 36 μL ofpreheated citrated whole blood. The reagents and blood were gently mixed3 times by pipetting up and down with 100 μL pipette tip. The mixturewas capped, and the sample placed into a T2 reader for relaxationmeasurements analysis. Wet reagents were also combined with citratedwhole blood as a control.

Example 17 Effect of Aspirin

In this experiment platelet inhibition was monitored by the addition of600 μM aspirin ex vivo to heparin blood prior to activation by AA+RF(samples were tested with and without aspirin). It was observed thatclot-associated T2 signal is dramatically diminished or absent in thepresence of samples doped with aspirin. These studies confirmed that theclot signature was dependent on platelet activity. They also demonstratethe utility of T2MR signatures for measuring platelet inhibition.

Example 18 Effect of 2-thiomethyl AMP (MeSAMP)

In this experiment inhibition of the P2Y12 pathway in platelets by usingthe ex vivo spiked MeSAMP (2-thiomethyl AMP, an irreversible ADP P2Y12receptor inhibitor) as a mimic for Plavix inhibition of plateletactivity was tested.

A standard ADP activation formulation including heparin, reptilase,factor XIIIa, calcium, and ADP was used to activate platelet in citratedwhole blood obtained from healthy donors. Samples were tested in thepresence and absence of the platelet activation inhibitor MeSAMP. Againwe observed that the clot signature was dependent on platelet activity.It was observed that clot-associated T2 signal is dramaticallydiminished or absent in the presence of samples doped with MeSAMP.

Example 19 Effect of Tissue Plasminogen Activator

The T2MR surface is also sensitive to whole blood fibrinolysis. Toassess this, healthy donor samples were spiked with tissue plasminogenactivator (TPA). High sensitivity and rapid time to result forfibrinolysis was demonstrated.

TPA was added at 100 U/mL to blood from a healthy donor. In the absenceof TPA (see FIG. 27A) two stable peaks form at the expected clottingtime. With 100 U/mL of TPA (see FIG. 27B) the clot forms at the expectedtime, but proves to be unstable after 20-30 minutes. Both theinstability and the distance between the final T2 peaks indicatesensitivity to fibrinolysis induced by the presence of TPA.

The T2MR effect on fibrinolysis was expressed in AU values (arbitraryunits; see FIG. 27C) obtained by calculating the difference between themaximum and minimum T2 value observed for the clot signal (or T2B) inthe T2 time curve. This difference was found to be sensitive to thedegree of fibrinolysis in the samples.

Fibrinolysis was monitored by T2 magnetic resonance (T2MR) in fivepatient blood samples with and without the addition of TPA (100 U/mL)(FIG. 27C). One sample, 27790, exhibited substantial fibrinolysiswithout addition of TPA. All other samples required addition of TPA toinduce fibrinolysis, as confirmed by the reference method.

OTHER EMBODIMENTS

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in thisspecification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent asif each independent publication or patent application was specificallyand individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

While the invention has been described in connection with specificembodiments thereof, it will be understood that it is capable of furthermodifications and this application is intended to cover any variations,uses, or adaptations of the invention following, in general, theprinciples of the invention and including such departures from thepresent disclosure that come within known or customary practice withinthe art to which the invention pertains and may be applied to theessential features hereinbefore set forth, and follows in the scope ofthe claims.

Other embodiments are within the claims.

1-112. (canceled)
 113. A method of monitoring a clotting processcomprising: (i) adding to whole blood obtained from a subject a clottinginitiator to initiate a clotting process; (ii) during the clottingprocess making a plurality of T2 relaxation rate measurements on thewhole blood sample to produce a plurality of T2 relaxation rate decaycurves, (iii) transforming the T2 relaxation rate measurements using analgorithm that distinguishes two or more separate water populationswithin the whole blood sample, wherein each of the two or more waterpopulation is characterized by one or more magnetic resonance parametershaving one or more values, and wherein the two or more water populationscomprise a water population having a serum-associated T2 signal and awater population having a clot-associated T2 signal; and (iii) on thebasis of the results of step (ii), monitoring said clotting process.114. The method of claim 113, further comprising (a) calculating thedifference between the value of the serum-associated T2 signal and thevalue of the clot-associated T2 signal; and (b) on the basis of thedifference, determining the activity of the platelets in the wholeblood.
 115. The method of claim 113, further comprising (a) followingstep (i), measuring the period of time prior to the initial detection ofthe clot-associated T2 signal; and (b) on the basis of the period oftime, determining the clotting time for the blood.
 116. The method ofclaim 113, further comprising (a) following step (i), calculating a T2time curve for a first water population; (b) calculating the maximumvalue of the second derivative of the T2 time curve; and (c) on thebasis of the result of step (c), calculating a value characteristic ofclotting time.
 117. The method of claim 113, further comprisingcalculating the T2 value for the whole blood prior to initiating clotformation, and on the basis of the T2 value, determining the hematocritof the whole blood.
 118. The method of claim 113, wherein prior to step(ii), fibrinogen is added to the whole blood sample.
 119. The method ofclaim 113, wherein the clotting initiator is an intrinsic pathwayactivator.
 120. The method of claim 113, wherein the clotting initiatoris an extrinsic pathway activator.
 121. The method of claim 120, whereinthe clotting initiator is tissue factor.
 122. The method of claim 113,further comprising determining whether the whole blood ishypercoagulable, hypocoagulable, or normal.
 123. The method of claim122, further comprising, prior to step (i), (a) administering ananticoagulation therapy to the subject; and (b) if the subject is foundto be hypercoagulable, identifying the subject as a non-responder to theanticoagulation therapy.
 124. The method of claim 113, wherein the wholeblood sample has a volume between 2 microliters and 400 microliters.125. The method of claim 124, wherein the whole blood sample has avolume between 2 microliters and 250 microliters.
 126. The method ofclaim 125, wherein the whole blood sample has a volume between 2microliters and 50 microliters.
 127. The method of claim 124, whereinthe whole blood sample has a volume between 200 microliters and 500microliters.
 128. The method of claim 113, wherein step (i) comprisesadding the whole blood to a tube containing one or more clottinginitiators, and mixing the contents to initiate a clotting process. 129.The method of claim 113, wherein said algorithm comprises an algorithmselected from the group consisting of a multi-exponential algorithm, abi-exponential algorithm, a tri-exponential algorithm, a decayingexponential algorithm, a Laplace transform, a goodness-of-fit algorithm,an SSE algorithm, a least squares algorithm, and a non-negative leastsquares algorithm.
 130. The method of claim 129, wherein said algorithmis an inverse Laplace transform.
 131. The method of claim 130, whereinsaid inverse Laplace transform includes a lower bound for the T2 timeconstants of from 1 to 50 ms and an upper bound for the T2 timeconstants of from 1000 to 4000 ms.
 132. The method of claim 131, whereinsaid blood sample is plasma, platelet poor plasma, or platelet richplasma, and said upper bound for the T2 time constants is from 2500 to4000 ms.
 133. The method of claim 131, wherein said blood sample is awhole blood sample and said upper bound for the T2 time constants isfrom 1000 to 2000 ms.